英国前工业化时期的农业革命及其在社会转型中的作用

英国农业自16世纪始发生了一场深刻的革命,农业生产增长明显加快,农业劳动生产率也稳步提高,直接为工业革命铺平了道路。同时也使英国率先摆脱了传统社会周期性生存危机的困扰,孕育了近代乡村工业,为乡村人口流动和城市发展提供了动力,在英国由传统农业社会向近代工业社会的转型中扮演了重要的角色。     

Transferring the Spinning Jenny to Barcelona: An Apprenticeship in the Technology of the Industrial Revolution

Abstract

The exceptional documentation which exists on the introduction of the spinning jenny in Barcelona between 1784 and 1788 has been used in this article to reconstruct the early history of Spain's first cotton spinning mill. The extent of the data available serves to provide information on the technical characteristics of the machine. Of particular interest is the information about the character of the pre-spinning processes before the adoption of the carding engine. Light is also thrown on the issue of technological transfer, shown to be a 'wide' process requiring the learning of manufacturing as well as machine-making skills.     

Living above the shop: home, business, and family in the English "Industrial Revolution"

This article explores the living arrangements and familial relations of small business households in northwest English towns between 1760 and 1820. Focusing on evidence from inventories and personal writing, it examines the homes that such households lived and worked in and the ways in which space was ordered and used: indicating that access to particular spaces was determined by status. This study suggests both the continuance of the "household family" into the nineteenth century (rather than its more modern, "nuclear" variant) and the existence of keenly felt gradations of status within households making it likely that the constitution of "the family" differed according to one's place in the domestic hierarchy.     

财富与贫困的悖论--论英国工业化的失误及其原因

英国是世界上第一个工业化国家,工业化带来了生产力的巨大飞跃和财富的急剧增加。但与此同时,在社会上延续已久的贫困现象并没有因此得到多少缓解,有时甚至还加剧了,这是一种财富与贫困的悖论。工业化时期的英国,这种悖论的存在,特别是工人阶级的贫困化对社会产生了严重的消极影响。财富与贫困的悖论,究其根源来说,是由“自由放任”式工业化道路所决定的,它构成了英国工业化的一个重大失误。当２０世纪上半叶英国真正认识到这一失误并逐步去纠正时,它已在这方面付出了沉重的代价,并为后发展国家提供了“前车之鉴”     

Qualified Toleration: Bermuda and the English Revolution

Central to both the causes and development of the English revolution was the demand for reformation of the Church of England. The question of what shape this reform should take, however, divided English men and women. Debates over the further reformation of the Church of England were also complicated by the emergence of increasingly vocal and powerfully‐placed calls for freedom of religion, ranging from a limited toleration for a certain few to a broader liberty of conscience for all. This article looks at the debate surrounding liberty of conscience during the English revolution in 1644–5, but from a fresh angle: examining the context and rationale for the parliamentary ordered religious settlement of the English Atlantic colony of Bermuda in October of 1645. Integrating the fortunes of this Atlantic colony into the history of the English revolution reconfigures our understanding and analysis of revolutionary religion and politics.     

The Textile Millwright in the Early Industrial Revolution

Abstract

Newspaper runaway advertisements are one of the best sources of information on American women's working-class dress, but have only been minimally analysed in quantity. This article presents a project in which the notices of 900 women's elopements and their 5,600 garments have been catalogued in a relational database to provide greater access to garment data in runaway advertisements, including textile use, colour and patterning information. Data about the women, including physical characteristics, geographical location and ethnicity are linked to the garment data to allow contextual searches. Select initial investigations into preconceived notions of women's working-class clothing during this period are included to demonstrate future research directions based on this approach.     

工业革命时期英国扫烟囱儿童的命运

扫烟囱男孩是工业革命时期英国一个特殊的童工类别,它是近代英国房屋建造观念变化以及英国人生活方式变化的产物。这些儿童人数虽不众多,但其苦难却特别深重。他们的历史折射出当时英国社会的特殊心态:普通大众的厌恶和同情,人道主义者的关注和改革,上流社会的漠然。最终,经历了一百多年的斗争,利用儿童扫烟囱的做法被立法禁止,但这段历史仍值得我们去反思:如何改善和救助现代社会中变相的扫烟囱儿童的命运?