A GREEK METROLOGICAL KOINE: A LEAD WEIGHT FROM THE WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD

Summary. A unique commercial lead weight from the western Black Sea region is examined in its metrological and historical context. The style and combination of relief symbols on the object (Athenian owl and Kyzikene tunny) suggest a quarter mina in a market weight system used equivalently at Athens and Kyzikos by the last quarter of the fifth century BC, and developed within a long-term process of broad commercial integration of the Aegean and Black Seas in Classical times. The authors consider such a process to have been caused by the economic motivations of individual city-states, not the direct Athenian imperialism expressed in the so-called Standards Decree.     

THE WESTERN CYCLADES and CRETE: A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

Summary: This paper examines the idea that in the Later Bronze Age a regular exchange network linked Crete to the Western Cyclades and assured them of preferential treatment. Comparison of the degree of Minoan influence on Keos, Melos and Thera with that on the other Cycladic islands confirms that the former group had a special relationship with Crete; but the evidence is insufficient to prove that they acted as secondary distribution centres for Minoan goods. the substantivist view is that in a non-monetary economy exchange was effected through reciprocity and redistribution, while early trade was always motivated by imports, not exports. But documentary evidence for the Near East warns against oversimplification. For the Western Aegean, precise data are lacking, but evidence suggests that foreign trade was regulated by official agents; there was also freelance private enterprise. the Western Cyclades derived much of their prosperity from the transit dues.     

PERCEIVING COMMUNITIES: EXCHANGE, LANDSCAPES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE LATER IRON AGE OF WESTERN BRITAIN

Summary.   In recent years British Iron Age studies have focused on regionality whilst critiquing the hierarchical model of Iron Age society. Despite the success of these approaches there has been little detailed replacement of previous social models with an understanding of how Iron Age societies worked. Looking at the later Iron Age of western Britain this paper combines examination of the exchange of material culture alongside study of the landscape to explore the nature of Iron Age communities. It is argued that Iron Age societies in the region used material culture to construct and maintain social relationships, while using visual landscape references allowed groups to engage in larger perceived communities.     

山西绛县横水西周墓地1011号墓发掘报告

<正>横水西周墓地于2004年被盗时发现。经报请山西省文物局和国家文物局批准,2004-2007年,山西省考古研究所（现山西省考古研究院）、运城市文物工作站和绛县文物局组成联合考古队进行了抢救性发掘,按照探方发掘法清理了所有墓葬。墓地位于山西运城绛县横水镇横北村以北约800米处,北距下庄村约1.2公里,东距绛县县城约11公里。墓地北依中条山余脉绛山（又名紫金山）,南面横水镇以南有涑水河自东向西流过,再往南约7000米是东北—西南走向的中条山脉。墓地北高南低呈缓坡状,较平坦,东、西两侧不远处各有一条深20-50米的冲沟（图一）。     

FROM RESOURCE TO MARKET: POSTWAR SPATIAL CHANGES IN A SWEDISH FOREST COMPANY

Despite the wealth of empirical and theoretical literature on transnational corporations, little has been written about the spatial consequences of changes in the ownership of forest-based industries. These types of tnc embrace a broad range of activities, formerly based solely upon forest raw material, comprising sawmilling and pulp and paper manufacturing. In Sweden, these industries were mostly located near raw material supplies and concentrated on export production for the European market. During recent decades forest companies such as sca (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget) have invested in or acquired production and sales units in most of the traditional market countries. This has involved a substantial increase in the numbers of foreign employees, new commodities and raw materials, and a shift in the centre of gravity of production and employment. The aim of this article is to investigate and model the locational changes in sca 's ownership (of production, sales, and administrative units) and in its organizational structure within and outside Sweden, from the 1950s to the present.     

THE RIVER HAS NEVER DIVIDED US: BRONZE AGE METALWORK DEPOSITION IN WESTERN BRITAIN

The significant quantities of Bronze Age metalwork recovered from the River Thames have focused archaeological attention on the presence of metalwork from riverine locations and led to the expectation that rivers should contain metalwork. Finds from bogs and marshes have also been considered to be part of this practice of deposition in ‘wet places’. Whilst rivers and bogs can indeed be thought of as ‘wet’, this overlooks the fundamental physical and cosmological differences between these two types of wetland. This paper will consider Bronze Age metalwork finds from rivers in the west of Britain, paying particular attention to Britain's longest river, the Severn. The finds will be compared to those from bogs and marshes, and an attempt will be made to explain these differences in terms of the opposing metaphorical qualities of flowing and standing water, and the landscapes in which these wet places are located.     

IN THE STEPS OF 'GENTEEL LADIES': WOMEN TOURISTS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES, 1885-1939

In most accounts of tourism in the Canadian Rockies, women have been neglected. Correspondingly, there have been few attempts to integrate research on tourism history with recent perspectives from social-cultural geography. Travel narratives and related ephemera are used to highlight selected women's roles in early mountain tourism. Considering how touristic experiences were contrasted with nontourist social practices, via dress and notions of 'appropriate' female behaviour, interrelationships between tourism, culture, and society are also proposed. Gender constructs may influence touristic meanings and values. It is thus essential to further scrutinize these frameworks.
Dans la plupart des récits traitant du tourisme dans les montagnes Rocheuses, les femmes ont été quelque peu négligées. Pareillement, rares sont les tentatives ďintégration de la recherche sur ľhistoire du tourisme et des perspectives récentes issues de la géographie socio-culturelle. Les récits de voyage et bagatelles du genre servent à accentuer les rles de quelques héroïnes dans les débuts du tourisme de montagne. Les expériences touristiques étant en contraste avec les pratiques sociales non touristiques - le code relatif à la tenue vestimentaire et au comportement féminin « de bon aloi >> notamment, les relations réciproques entre le tourisme, la culture et la société sont également proposées. Les construits liés au sexe pourraient influer sur les significations et les valeurs touristiques. Il est done essentiel de poursuivre ľanalyse de ces structures.     

JEWISH AND MORMON AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN CANADA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Mormons and Jews established agricultural settlements in western Canada around the turn of the century. Mormon colonization was generally successful, characterized by its great stability. Abandonment of the land by Mormon communities was rare. In contrast, almost all the Jewish settlements failed. Settlers abandoned their land and retreated to the urban centres of the West. A comparative analysis of the two groups suggests that this difference in agricultural stability may not have been a reflection of prior experience, nor was it necessarily attributable to vagaries of the physical environment. Social structures, religious demands, and institutional backing, along with the geographical concentration and inter connectivity of settlements were critical elements in determining success or failure in agriculture colonization.
C'est au début du siècle que les Mormons et les juifs etablirent dans l'Ouest canadien leurs colonies agricoles. La colonisation des Mormons, caractérisée par sa grande stabilite, réussit dans l'ensemble; rares furent les colonies qu'ils abandonnèrent. Par contre, presque toutes les colonies juives echouerent; abandonnant leurs terres, les colons se retirerent dans les centres urbains de l'Ouest. Une analyse comparative des deux groupes permet de conchre que leur stabilite agricole relative ne fut pas necessairement fonction de leur experience prealable en agriculture; elle ne fut pas non plus attribuable aux seules contraintes géographiques et clirnatiques.
Les structures sociales, les exigences religieuses, l'appui de leurs établissements en plus de la proximité d'autres colonies et leurs interrelations, tous ces facteurs s'avérèrent cruciaux pour déterminer la reussite ou l'échec de la colonisation agricole.