再说听之而已信则未必——答《对辩误的辩误》

纪希晨先生所写《对辩误的辩误》(以下简称为《辩》文)一文,重申其《听叶剑英谈西安事变的张学良》(以下简称《听》文)文中观点,对拙文《听之而已信则未必》提出商榷。真理只有一个,蔽则昏,辩则明。仅就《辩》文所示,再申愚见,就教于纪先生,并祈识者参予研辩,是其所是,非其所非,以澄清事实,促进史学进步。《辩》文断言叶剑英于12月13日向毛泽东、张闻天、周恩来、秦邦宪等人参加的“中央会议”汇报西安事变情况,而不是当日召开的中央政治局常委扩大会议。查《毛泽东年谱》、《周恩来年谱》及     

历史时刻

正1935年1月15日至17日中共中央政治局在遵义召开扩大会议(史称遵义会议)。会议批评第五次反"围剿"和长征以来中共中央在军事领导上的错误。张闻天在会后根据多数人的发言特别是毛泽东的发言,起草了《中央关于反对敌人五次"围剿"的总结的决议》,明确指出,红军第五次反"围剿"的失败以及退出苏区后遭到的严重损失,其主要原因是博古和李德在军事指挥上犯了一系列严重错误。决议肯定了毛泽东等关于红军作战的基本原则。会议改组了中央领导机构,选举毛泽东为中央政治局常委,取消博古、李德的最高军事指挥权,决定仍由中革军委主要负责人朱德、周恩来指挥军事,而周恩来为党     

“邓萍同志之墓”墓名的变迁

1935年1月15日至17日,中共中央政治局在贵州省遵义城召开了扩大会议,会议增选毛泽东为中央政治局常委,确立了毛泽东在中共中央和红军中的领导地位。遵义会议的精神立即传达到广大红军指战员中,当三军团参谋长邓萍听说毛泽东重新回到红军领导岗位上时,从内心感到欣慰和喜悦。     

毛泽东在韶山“滴水洞”

196 6年 6月 9日下午 ,晴空万里。一架北京飞来的银灰色的专机刚刚在杭州滑落 ,刘少奇、邓小平便步履匆匆下机 ,满面愁色乘车前往毛泽东在杭州的“休憩”处 ,汇报在北京召开的中共中央政治局扩大会议 (1 96 6年 5月 4日至 2 6日 )的情况并请示工作。这次政治局扩大会议因毛泽东在杭州 ,由刘少奇主持 ,会议主要有这样几个议程 :一是决定撤销由彭真主持制定的“二月提纲” ,撤销彭真 (时任中共中央书记处常务书记、北京市委第一书记 )、陆定一(时任中央宣传部部长 )、康生、吴冷西、许立群 (时任中央宣传部副部长 )“文化革命五人小组” ,成立…     

“文化大革命”中李先念对王震的保护

1966年5月4日至26日,中共中央政治局在北京召开扩大会议,讨论并通过由毛泽东修改的《中国共产党中央委员会通知》（即《五一六通知》）。《通知》中一些重要段落均由毛泽东亲笔加写,反映了他对当时党和国家政治形势的错误估计。其中一段说：“混进党里、政府里、     

毛泽东与第三次全国公安会议

文化大革命前17年,公安部一共召开过14次全国公安会议。这些会议大都是在毛泽东亲自关心、指导下召开的。尤其是1951年5月10日至15日在北京召开的第三次全国公安会议,更是在毛泽东直接领导下召开的,倾注了他非常大的精力。会议通过的《第三次全国公安会议决议》,初稿是由彭真、罗瑞卿主持起草,但是毛泽东看了以后很不满     

1949年中南海的接管、修缮与使斥

1949年1月6日至8日,毛泽东在河北省平山县西柏坡主持召开了中共政治局会议,讨论并通过了毛泽东起草的《关于目前形势和党在一九四九年的任务》.会后,中共中央就开始准备从西柏坡前往北平的具体事宜,决定由周恩来、任弼时、杨尚昆主管迁移工作。     

“十年动乱”中的胡耀邦

"大雪压青松,青松挺且直。"这便是胡耀邦!"文化大革命"爆发,胡耀邦被打倒1966年5月4日,中共中央政治局扩大会议在北京举行。5月16日,会议通过由毛泽东主持起草和修改的《中国共产党中央委员会通知》,即《五·一六通知》。5月28日中共中央发出通知:设立中央文化革命小组,由陈伯达任组长、康生等任顾问,江青、张春桥     

周恩来与外交部“153《新情况》事件“

引子 从１９７２年下半年开始,周恩来领导的批极“左”思潮斗争进入纵深发展阶段,批判实际已超出了原先的范围。毛泽东对张春桥、姚文元明确表示：极“左”思潮少批一点呢。这使得周恩来的种种努力趋于中断。 １９７２年５月２１日──在周恩来被确诊为膀胱癌的 ３天后,周恩来主持的中央批林整风汇报会在北京召开。这次为期１月余的重要会议有中央党政军各部门和各省、市。自治区负责人３１２人参加。５月２７日,从毛泽东处归来后,周恩来在中央政治局会议上表示：根据毛主席去年巡视南方谈话中着重提到的中共１０次路线斗争问题,要在…     

保卫第一届人民政协会议

第一届人民政协会议于1949年9月21日至30日在北平（北京）中南海怀仁堂召开,参加会议的共14个党派团体364名代表,中国共产党毛泽东、朱德、刘少奇、周恩来、董必武、林伯渠等和各民主党派领袖、著名无党派人士参加了会议,其中有宋庆龄、张澜、李济深、沈钧儒、程潜等。笔者所在的中共警卫师与北平市纠察总队担负着政协会议的警卫任务。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.