国际法、女权保护与第一次世界大战期间的英德宣传战

宣称战争因某种道德理想而展开是一次大战的显特征,国际法、平民权益特别是妇女儿童权益保护就成了区分和衡量战争正义合法与否的标尺。英德关于非人道作战方式的合法性争执凸显出国际法存在的严重缺失及其在宣传战中作用的有限性,而侵害最易成为战争受难的妇女儿童权利便成了宣传战中最能调动舆论情绪、最易产生宣传效果的主题,这也是英国适时将宣传战主题从德国违反国际法切换到德军大规模强暴妇女儿童上来的主要原因。     

Digging in the Dark: The Underground War on the Western Front in World War I

Throughout the First World War, with the trenches largely static, the combatants tried to break the deadlock by tunnelling under one another’s trenches. The Tunnelling Companies of the British Royal Engineers were engaged in a bitter struggle against German Pioneers that left both sides with heavy casualties. A project to determine the location of one particular act of heroism in that underground war has resulted in the erection of a monument to the Tunnellers at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée in northern France.     

Fixing History: Narratives of World War I in France

For nearly a century, the French have entertained an unshakable conviction that their bility to recognize themselves—to know and transmit the essence of Frenchness—depended on the teaching of the history of France. In effect, history was a discourse on France, and the teaching of history—" la pédagogie centrale du citoyen "—the means by which children were constituted as heirs and carriers of a common collective memory that made them not only citizens, but family. In this essay, I examine the rhetorical and conceptual effects on history writing that emerge out of this preoccupation with the elaboration of a continuous, coherent national identity.
Focusing on schoolbooks, I begin by looking at the dominant, nearly hegemonic model of French history created by Ernest Lavisse in the 1890s—a model informed by the dream of a unified, unitary French nation, embodied in and articulated through the history of France—and at the disruption of this paradigm in the aftermath of the Great War. I then consider a text written in the 1990s specifically to repudiate the kind of nationalist narratives that prevailed for most of this century—a new supranational history of Europe. I argue that, in their different experiments with fixing history, both Lavisse and the contemporary textbook authors did not so much repair a deficient history as produce a historical fixation, creating mythicized histories that are complete, closed, predictable, and at bottom ahistorical. Finally, I turn to a recent World War I novel, A Very Long Engagement by SébastienJaprisot, in order to suggest ways in which the narrative strategies of a fiction writer may be useful to historians in thinking about a different kind of historical project.     

战争法公约与民初北京政府的参战之路

一战是中国较全面参与战争法公约后面临的首场重大国际战争,战争法公约也是民初北京政府因应一战时局的重要工具。在民初中国与战争法公约关系发展进程中,北京政府逐步朝参战之路迈进。一战爆发前,北京政府决定补签一些战争法公约,借此平等融入国际社会和维护国家利权,这构成了其走向参战的重要背景。宣告完全中立之初,北京政府指望通过积极履行战时中立公约来避免战祸和维护利权,但强权挑战的危机为其转向参战埋下了伏笔。日本对华提出"二十一条"要求后上述希望彻底落空,北京政府转而趋向参战,试图借此参与战后和会。它一方面同作战规则方面的战争法公约积极接轨,另一方面通过暗中违背中立公约而朝参战迈出实质性步伐。最后,北京政府利用德国无限制潜艇战的契机,援用战争法公约正式宣战。北京政府走向参战不失其必然性和主动因应之特征,亦不乏文明和正义的色彩,而其参战政策的推进也影响到中国与战争法公约关系本身的发展。