Tourism Development in Small Islands Across the World

ABSTRACT This study develops the Tourism Penetration Index and applies it to 51 islands. The results confirm the most penetrated comprise Caribbean, Mediterranean and Northern Pacific islands typified by large resorts, crowding, short stays and the replacement of man‐made attractions for lost amenities. The least penetrated islands comprise mainly Pacific and Indian Ocean destinations characterized by small facilities, long stays, and limited infrastructure. The intermediate islands primarily fall into two groups: Caribbean islands advancing to the high‐density stage, and other destinations experiencing rapid growth and resource conflicts. The study concludes with planning implications and suggestions for further research.     

对酒店管理受托方的激励约束现状分析——基于对52家国际品牌酒店的深度访谈和问卷调查

作为委托方的酒店业主如何对作为受托方的酒店管理公司进行有效的激励约束,是当今酒店管理实践的重要任务,也是旅游管理理论关注的前沿课题。本文在对国内52家国际品牌酒店的业主代表进行深度访谈和问卷调查的基础上,从酒店管理受托方的选择问题、报酬问题、控制问题、竞争问题和声誉问题五个方面,制订相关的指标,对酒店管理受托方的激励约束现状进行分析,认为目前的状况尚不够理想,并指出了当前酒店委托管理经营方式在实施过程中的一些亟需解决的问题。     

基于员工满意度的饭店软实力比较研究——以宁波本土饭店K和外资饭店H为例

本研究选取宁波本土饭店K和外资饭店H作为研究对象,采用问卷方法构建饭店员工满意度指标,以员工满意度作为衡量饭店软实力的切入点,将本土饭店K与外资饭店H的软实力进行了定量化的比较研究。研究表明,尽管本土饭店K的员工满意度高于外资饭店H,但在员工素质和长期发展等方面仍存在较大差距。本文还对员工学历、工资、职位等与员工满意度的关系进行了讨论。     

POPULATION DISPERSION VS. CONCENTRATION IN A TWO‐REGION MIGRATION MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS NATURAL AMENITIES*

ABSTRACT Contrary to the predictions of the basic spatial equilibrium model, the long‐run distribution of population across rural U.S. counties with high‐valued natural amenities has become relatively more concentrated versus dispersed. We provide an explanation by developing a two‐region model with mobile labor, production externalities and endogenous natural amenities. We find that strong preferences for natural amenities generally foster population dispersion. However, such preferences can also lead to population concentration when ecological degradation is low and man‐made capital is a relatively scarce input into natural amenity production. Investments that enhance natural amenities are found to reduce the divergence between the steady state and optimal outcomes.     

SOMETIMES CLOSE IS GOOD ENOUGH: THE VALUE OF NEARBY ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES*

ABSTRACT An extensive empirical literature exists, showing that variations in region‐specific amenities can account for persistent differences in real wages across regions. However, this literature has considered only amenities in the same location as the household. This paper argues that environmental amenities at some distance from but accessible to urban areas may lead to negative compensating wage differentials. We use a general equilibrium framework and data from the 1995 Current Population Survey to calculate implicit amenity prices based on measures of distance to environmental amenities. Our results suggest that amenities outside the metropolitan area do generate compensating wage differentials, as workers are willing to accept lower wages to live in accessible proximity to “nice” places. This implies that these places provide a positive externality to those communities that find them accessible. The estimated effects are quantitatively important, suggesting that these externalities should be taken into account in policy making.     

Do Urban Agglomeration Effects and Household Amenities have a Skill Bias?*

There are several hypotheses why urban scale affects wages. Most focus on agglomeration economies that increase labor demand, especially for high‐skilled workers (e.g., dynamic externalities stress knowledge transfers, and imply the urban wage gap favors skilled workers). Others stress urban amenities that increase labor supply and decrease wages. Amenities should have a stronger influence on affluent households if they are normal goods. By examining whether urban‐scale affects net returns to education, it can be determined whether skilled workers are influenced more by urban productivity or amenities. Empirical results suggest net returns to education decline with urban scale, implying a key role for urban amenities in affecting skilled workers.     

酒店管理集团微博外部运营管理研究——基于企业微博信息的统计分析

本文以酒店管理集团为研究对象,依托传播学“使用与满意”理论,以传播者、媒介和接收者为主要传播因素,以五大酒店管理集团企业微博为案例进行分析,构建了酒店企业微博运营管理组织架构,并通过企业微博信息发布、接收者反馈以及互动环节等数据分析,完成酒店企业微博外部运营管理的初步研究.研究发现,酒店企业微博发展阶段不同,其信息发布以及互动等环节表现出不同的特点,可分为稳固型、波动型和成长型3种类型;酒店企业微博信息发布环节没有形成稳定的信息设计和发布机制,很多情况下是以事件或活动为依托而进行微博发布;酒店企业微博中传播者与接收者的互动率较低.     

Migration with a composite amenity: the role of rents

An attempt is made to analyze the phenomenon of migration using rent as the single variable that could serve as a proxy for the many amenities that might affect migration patterns. A theoretical treatment of the implications of rent capitalization for migration is first outlined. Empirical results indicating the usefulness of this approach are then presented. The geographic focus of the study is on the United States.     

Tourism,amenities, and welfare in an urban setting

Using data on Italian cities, we document that over the period of 2001–2011, the number of establishments and employment in some key service industries are positively related to the inflow of tourists. We then build a general equilibrium model of small open cities encompassing these empirical features to study the impact of tourism on endogenous consumption amenities, factors’ allocation across sectors, prices, and welfare. We also study the interplay of exogenous historical amenities, tourism, and residents welfare in a system of two cities. When residents are immobile, they are unambiguously better off when they live in a city with richer historical amenities, and thus more tourists, than the other city. When residents are mobile and their welfare is equalized between cities, the strength of consumption amenities becomes crucial to determine whether they are better off living in an urban system where cities are heterogeneous or similar in terms of historical amenities.     

我国高档旅游宾馆空间分布特征与配置研究——以五星级宾馆为例

文章运用地理集中指数和洛仑兹曲线,分析了1997和2002年我国五星级宾馆的空间分布特征及其变化规律。并根据我国入境旅游业空间格局演变状况,借助二次项回归和等级相关性指数,探讨了五星级宾馆供给状况与我国入境旅游业发展的内在关联性,结论显示:我国五星级宾馆受入境旅游业影响明显,空间供给变化趋势与入境旅游业发展态势相似,北京、广东、上海三大入境口岸高档旅游饭店供给的绝对优势地位正在改变,初步形成东南沿海高供给带;最后,以各省区五星级宾馆数为基础,借助国际旅游外汇收入和入境旅游人数,建立了五星级宾馆建设的经济函数,为宾馆建设、化配置提供理论基础。     

Culturally clustered or in the cloud? How amenities drive firm location decision in Berlin

Creative firms are neither capital‐ nor land‐intensive in production. They predominantly rely on creative and specialized labor and, assuming a strong competition for workers, are therefore increasingly dependent on the location of their (potential) employees. If these creative and highly qualified employees are attracted by consumption amenities such as bars, clubs, and restaurants, then it follows that these same amenities may determine the location of creative service firms. I investigate this hypothesis by examining whether Berlin Internet start‐up firms locate in urban amenity‐rich places. Identification builds on the fall of the Berlin Wall. A 1 percent increase in amenity density raises the probability of a start‐up location by almost 2 percent. A comparison with other service industries suggests that amenities are significant to the location choice of creative sectors, whereas no effect can be observed for nonreative firms.     

单体饭店委托管理成功关键影响因素实证分析

委托管理作为饭店连锁经营的主要途径,能够为单体饭店提升饭店竞争能力.但是在我国饭店委托管理的实践中,业主和管理公司之间纠纷较多,管理合同提前终止现象时有发生.如何有效实施委托管理,成为业主、饭店管理公司共同关注的热点问题.本文在文献研究与访谈的基础上,建立了成功实施单体饭店委托管理的关键影响因素的理论假设模型及指标体系,并通过问卷调查与统计分析进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,单体饭店委托管理成功实施的影响因素可分为5个维度:业主自身角色正确定位、饭店硬件匹配、合同全面合理、业主对管理公司准确选择和管理公司对合同有效实施,具体有27个关键影响因素.     

THE DETERMINANTS OF STATE MANUFACTURING GROWTH RATES: A TWO-DIGIT-LEVEL ANALYSIS*

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes 1954–1987 state manufacturing employment growth in 19 two-digit industries. Markets were found to be the strongest influence in 18 industries. Labor was the second strongest, followed by a threshold variable. Weaker influences were resources, taxes, and amenities. Regional values for the market, labor, and threshold variables corresponded well with regional employment change in the Manufacturing Belt and all other regions of the U.S.     

COMPENSATION FOR COMMUTES IN THE LAND AND LABOR MARKETS: SOME EVIDENCE FROM THE TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA*

ABSTRACT. Recent research suggests that in nonmonocentric cities compensation for commutes takes the form of both lower housing prices and higher wages. This paper develops a random utility model that predicts the probability of an actor choosing to commute between each residence and job in a metropolitan area conditional on the observed location of housing units and job sites. The model allows commuting time, origin-specific amenities, land prices, destination-specific amenities and wages to influence actors' choices. We estimate the model using maximum likelihood and generalized least squares techniques and data on commuting between each of 38 origin and 15 destination jurisdictions in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The empirical results show that, all else equal, a one percent increase in commuting time reduces the probability that a route (origin-destination combination) will be chosen by almost five percent. Origin-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into land prices and destination-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into wages. Desirable residential amenities include school quality and a low ratio of day to night population. Desirable workplace amenities include a large share of white collar jobs and a high density of employment.     

基于VRIO框架的饭店资源三维度评价模型

饭店是由各种资源构成的企业组织,饭店资源是与饭店竞争力密切相关的要素。论文在对饭店资源的内涵和结构进行分析的基础上,利用VRIO框架的4个基本问题,构建了饭店资源三维度评价模型。根据该模型,论文对饭店资源的价值性、稀有性和可模仿性分别提出了评价方法,并确定了饭店资源优化的条件。     

基于扎根理论的酒店数字化转型影响因素研究

数字化转型能够为酒店适应移动互联网连接的新环境、实现降本增效提供新的方向,因此,加强酒店数字化转型的理论研究是学界关注的重点。文章对11家实施数字化转型酒店的管理人员进行深度访谈,应用扎根理论提炼影响酒店数字化转型的重要因素并构建理论模型。结果表明：环境变化是酒店数字化转型的外部因素,酒店资源、企业家精神、员工参与程度、酒店能力和战略规划是内在驱动力。其作用机制为：酒店根据外部环境的变化,且依托自身资源基础和能力要素制定符合酒店发展方向的战略规划,并通过员工参与程度这一中介保障战略的有效实施。企业家精神调节酒店依据外部环境变化以及自身资源和能力做出战略规划的过程,且对员工参与程度有正向示范效应。     

A HEDONIC MODEL OF INTERREGIONAL WAGES,RENTS, AND AMENITY VALUES*

ABSTRACT This paper develops a general multimarket hedonic model appropriate for a national, interregional study of wages, housing prices, and location-specific amenities. The model encompasses the effects of interregional location, intraurban location, and city size. Typically, hedonic studies focus on a single market such as labor or housing and ignore interactions implicit in a more global compensation mechanism. Examination of the comparative statics of our model indicates that single-market differentials are partial prices and are unreliable measures of amenity values in an interregional context. Unbiased amenity values are estimated for a comprehensive set of amenities using data on housing prices for 34,414 households and wages for 46,004 workers from the 1980 Census of Population and Housing. Statistically significant differences in housing prices and wages are found due to amenities.     

饭店集团扩张的动力系统及路径选择研究

集团化扩张是世界饭店业发展的必由之路。目前我国关于饭店集团扩张方面的理论研究虽然很多。但是大多均集中于对饭店集团扩张的现状与问题、发展对策与战略模式等论题的研究;而对饭店集团扩张的动力系统以及如何选择扩张路径等缺乏综合性、系统性、定量化研究。本文首先归纳了影响饭店集团扩张的主要动力因子。在系统性原则指导下构建了饭店集团扩张的动力系统;为了进一步分析诸多动力因子如何影响饭店集团选择扩张战略,本文提出了饭店集团扩张战略选择矩阵图,为指导饭店集团选择扩张战略提供了新的工具。     

On the role of amenities in models of migration and regional development

"The role of location-specific amenities in human migration decisions, and subsequently regional development, is explored. A framework is developed which motivates a new assessment of existing alternative models of regional development, indicating the need for additional modeling efforts which focus upon amenities as critical elements in such analyses. The approach hinges upon the notion that amenity values are capitalized into wages, rents, or other local prices. This process of capitalization enables researchers to explore the implicit value that society places upon amenities, which can then be used in assessing future regional-development trends in a more comprehensive manner."     

经济型酒店微观选址适宜性研究——以上海中心城区锦江之星为例

基于经济型酒店高速发展的背景,通过相关文献研究,选定社会经济基础、交通条件、商业因素和公共服务4大因素13项评价指标,利用综合熵权法和加权平均叠加法构建经济型酒店微观选址适宜性评价的方法和步骤,组合运用缓冲区分析以实现评价指标值计算、空间插值以实现研究区域新建经济型酒店适宜性评价、泰森多边形划分计算经济型酒店市场域以评价经济型酒店在研究区域的总体选址情况。以上海中心城区的黄浦、杨浦、虹口、长宁、徐汇、闸北、静安、普陀等8个区及区域内33家锦江之星为对象进行实证分析,结果表明：黄浦、静安以及徐汇的北部、闸北的南部适宜锦江之星选址;环城高速中延安高架路、内环高架路、中环高架路中心城区段沿线区域适宜性较高,适宜性区域沿着高架两侧分布;大部分锦江之星门店的微观选址合理。就新门店选址而言,静安和黄浦交界处、环城高速南北高架段和苏州河交界处以及黄浦区黄浦江沿岸皆为可选址区域。