中国城乡居民国内旅游消费水平和消费结构比较研究

国内旅游一直是中国旅游的主要构成部分,对拉动内需、促进全国经济增长的作用日益凸显,因此,研究中国国内旅游消费意义重大。本文依据2001-2008年《中国旅游统计年鉴》和《中国国内旅游抽样调查资料》,比较分析了中国城乡居民的国内旅游消费水平和消费结构,发现两者之间存在诸多差异,并对其原因进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了中国城乡居民国内旅游消费水平提升和消费结构优化的路径:提高城乡居民可自由支配收入、合理制定景区门票价格、优化旅游产品结构、加强旅游消费引导。     

关于城市旅游发展驱动机制的初步思考

城市旅游是发生在城市中的各种旅游活动的总称,对于旅游产业来说,则是指旅游者在城市中所有的物质与精神消费活动,它已日益成为当代旅游的主体。城市旅游发展是由旅游消费牵动和旅游产品吸引构成,并由中介系统和条件支持系统所联系的动力系统所推动的。为了培育城市旅游发展动力,必须根据现代旅游供求关系,从城市旅游动力组合中,找出推动旅游发展的主动因素和辅助因素,建立不同类型城市的旅游发展动力模型,指导旅游与城市经济共同发展的动力机制培育。     

A multi-stakeholder examination of destination image: Nanluoguxiang heritage street,Beijing, China

ABSTRACT

Perceived destination image is rarely examined through the gaze of stakeholders other than visitors, in particular residents and tourism business operators. This hinders the comprehensive understanding of destination image and limits its practical implications for destination marketing and management. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-stakeholder approach to image evaluation to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the destination image and better inform destination planning and management. Taking Nanluoguxiang hutong tourism site in Beijing as an example, the image perceptions of residents, on-site business operators, and domestic and international tourists are compared. Questionnaire surveys with both types of tourists and semi-structured interviews with residents and business operators are the main research methods. Major between group differences are identified in the evaluation of the authenticity of this Beijing hutong area, its representation of traditional Beijing culture and whether or not it is a place in which to relax. Results demonstrate that visitors, residents and business operators share similar cognitive images of Nanluoguxiang as a traditional historical street and a special business street with Beijing character. However, the historical and cultural values of Nanluoguxiang are undervalued. Moreover, distinct differences exist between the actual motivations for visiting held by domestic and international tourists and their motivations as perceived by residents and business operators. Suggestions are made to better meet the expectations and desires of all stakeholder groups through the provision of participatory programmes and activities to enrich the visitor experience of hutongs and the hutong lifestyle while maintaining a boundary between tourists and residents’ personal space to reduce unnecessary interruptions to residents’ daily life.     

城市旅游环境可持续承载的管理创新研究

伴随着中国旅游业的迅猛发展,旅游环境问题日益突显,超载现象日益严重。本文结合管理创新的包容性、引导性和推动性思想,探讨城市旅游环境可持续承载问题,为城市旅游环境可持续承载提供竞争优势和持续竞争来源。文章通过对旅游环境超负荷使用的原因分析,提出城市旅游环境可持续承载管理创新的内涵,构建了旅游环境可持续承载管理创新的生成机制,探讨了内外部种子基于"问题探索式"的管理创新,阐述了城市旅游环境可持续承载或承载可持续性的管理创新模式,旨在为旅游环境承载力"超载"问题的解决提供新的角度,提升城市旅游环境的承载能力,调节"承载强度",促成其从"承载潜力"向"承载实力"转化,实现城市旅游环境的可持续承载。     

Location choice,life cycle and amenities

Our study proposes a housing location choice model where a household faces a trade‐off between proximity to place of employment and proximity to amenities. We consider subsamples of high amenity cities and low amenity cities and households with and without children. We show that the roles of gender, education, homeownership, household composition, and public transportation vary significantly depending on level of amenities. Households with a female head of household, those with a working spouse and with older children prefer locating closer to downtown amenities. Female workers with and without children locate closer to work, in high and low amenity cities.     

Resident perceptions toward tourism impacts in historic center of Yazd,Iran

ABSTRACT

Although demographic changes as a result of the departure of former residents have caused the historical center of Yazd to lose its residential character, the area has recently taken on another role with the significant increase in the number of foreign tourists and the emergence of traditional hotels, restaurants, and café shops in its historical center. This newly emerging phenomenon has modified the nature of this part of the city, converting it into a rather touristic area, particularly in the Fahadan neighborhood. An examination of the perceptions of residents reveals that those in the Fahadan neighborhood in Yazd have a generally positive attitude toward tourism development. In addition, the interviewees pointed out three major impacts from the increase in tourism: (1) improvement in the physical and environmental quality of the old urban area due to the initiatives taken by the government and the private sector; (2) positive social and cultural changes in residents because of communication with foreign tourists; and (3) increasing community awareness and pride toward its cultural and national heritage. Nowadays, the people of Yazd increasingly welcome the arrival of foreign tourists, have laid the foundations for their arrival, and even received them warmly in their religious rituals. However, our observations indicate that the increase in touristic activities in the historical areas of Yazd (especially in the Fahadan neighborhood), as well as weakening the residential role, pose the risk of the museumification of this area. Furthermore, the restoration of old spaces and monuments for the sole purpose of attracting tourists causes the commodification of heritage, resulting in a potential loss of authenticity.     

城市边缘区域“家”到“商业的家”的空间演变——以西双版纳景洪市为例

在全球化和流动性视野下,“家”是近年来西方地理学研究的重要的新兴话题。本文以西双版纳景洪市的曼景法村和曼弄枫村为案例,展示了位于城市边缘区域的“家”到“商业的家”的空间演变过程与结果。研究发现：城市边缘区域“商业的家”从初始阶段就有相对严格的边界,且边界愈来愈严格。主要原因有：传统宗教信仰与现代游客失序行为的冲突、不同的旅游参与方式及现代化的影响。空间边界严格这一特点所带来的结果是城市边缘区域中民族“商业的家”逐渐失去吸引力和市场。     

中国重点城市入境旅游空间关联网络特征及优化

基于社会网络分析方法论视角,研究了中国12个重点城市入境旅游空间网络的节点结构特征和整体结构特征,并提出了旅游空间网络结构优化相关策略。结果发现:(1)重点城市入境旅游网络节点间共有46对旅游流联系,每个节点平均与其它3.83个节点存在着旅游流集聚和扩散联系,且充当旅游网络中介者角色的平均次数为8.25次;(2)北京和上海在入境旅游空间网络中居核心地位,西安、广州和杭州居次核心,其余城市的网络地位较低;(3)重点城市入境旅游的整体网络密度较低,不均衡性较明显。最后,提出优化重点城市入境旅游网络结构的相关策略。     

What makes people stay in or leave shrinking cities? An empirical study from Portugal

The attractiveness of cities as places to live determines population movements into or out of them. Understanding the appealing features is fundamental to local governments, particularly for cities facing population decline. Pull and push attributes can include economic aspects, the availability of amenities and psychological constructs, initiating a discussion around which factors are more relevant for migration. However, such discussion has been underexplored in studies of shrinking cities. In the present study, we contribute to the discussion by identifying pull and push factors in Portuguese shrinking cities. Data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire of 701 residents in four shrinking cities: Oporto, Barreiro, Peso da Régua and Moura. Factor analysis and automatic linear modelling were used to analyse the data. Our results show that the economic activity is the most relevant feature for retaining residents. However, characteristics specific to each city, related to heritage and natural beauty, are also shown to influence a city’s attractiveness. The cause of population shrinkage was also found to influence residents’ assessments of the pull and push attributes of each city. Furthermore, the results show the relevance of social ties and of place attachment to inhabitants’ intention to continue living in their city of residence.     

‘Lost in Thailand’: the popular geopolitics of film-induced tourism in northern Thailand

The recent blockbuster hit ‘Lost in Thailand’ had more than USD $200 million in ticket sales in China in 2012, and quickly became the nation’s highest-grossing homegrown film ever. Set in northern Thailand, the film has since contributed to the prodigious growth of Chinese tourism in the region. Among other experiences, film-induced tourism in northern Thailand includes the re-enactment of scenes from the film on university campuses, in temples and around the city of Chiang Mai. These intertextual performances have made headlines in national and international media for how they reflect various articulations of cultural dissonance. This paper draws on structured interviews among Thai residents and Chinese tourists, as well as a discourse analysis of English- and Thai-language media reports to argue that popular responses to the impact of film-induced tourism in the region are strongly embedded in historical and contemporary Sino-Thai political-economic relations and corollary geopolitical imaginaries of place. These imaginaries are frequently reconstituted through the ambivalent economies of tourism encounters. This paper contributes to emerging research on how geopolitical assemblages are co-constituted by a range of popular discourses, tourism practices, media engagements, and political-economic relations and how they inform popular geopolitical experience of and in place.     

基于结构方程模型的城市旅游形象影响路径研究——以西安市为例

本文借鉴较为成熟的量表,结合专家与游客访谈,拟定测量变量及其项目。通过对西安市主要旅游景区(点)和酒店游客的问卷调查,获取相关的数据,进而运用SEM方法,拟构建目的地形象认知、情感形象、感知成本以及满意度(总体形象)组合的城市旅游形象影响路径的理论模型。根据多元回归分析结果,建立具有测量意义的路径关系。研究表明游客对西安城市旅游形象的评价影响有五条显著路径,其中形象认知对总体形象、情感形象和感知成本均有正向影响,但显著性差异不大,特别是对感知成本和总体形象影响较弱;情感形象对感知成本和总体形象有显著的正向影响;感知成本对总体形象有显著的正向影响。本研究部分印证了前期相关研究结论,但也反映出文化旅游城市形象影响路径的独特性。     

The Geography of Need: Spatial Distribution of Barriers to Employment in Metropolitan Detroit

Although several studies examine the barriers to employment that limit the employability of welfare recipients, they have not analyzed how these barriers might be different for residents of central cities than for residents in surrounding suburban areas. We consider how the prevalence of barriers to employment varies by race and place in metropolitan Detroit. We find that the prevalence of mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence barriers is higher in suburban areas, and that structural barriers are higher in the central city.     

WELFARE GAINS FROM REMOVING LAND-USE DISTORTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN CHANGE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA*

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the effect of eliminating apartheid land-use restrictions in South Africa using a simplified version of the standard urban model. When freedom of residential location is granted, black township residents compete for land near the center of the core cities, pushing white residents to less accessible locations. Black consumption rises and white consumption falls in response, but the increase in total land rent is sufficient to compensate for white losses. The resulting aggregate welfare gain is a natural consequence of eliminating the distortion imposed by the apartheid system. These conclusions are robust to a number of modifications of the basic model.     

旅游城市本地居民环城游憩偏好:杭州案例研究

杭州作为中国著名的旅游城市,在市区内外都有大量的游憩用地。本文详细阐述了影响居民在内城游憩和环城游憩间进行选择的作用力模型。通过问卷调查,研究了杭州本地居民环城游憩的行为及偏好特征。并在调查的基础上运用统计检验总结出杭州本地居民对环城游憩产品类型、游憩时间、目的地区位的偏好规律。同时,不同时间约束条件下居民对环城游憩目的地的区位偏好也会呈现明显不同的倾向。最后,对游憩选择与偏好的影响因素进行了分析。     

乐山城市建设与历史文化名城保护

长期以来,由于对历史文化遗产的价值和作用缺乏认识,乐山没有处理好城市建设和古城保护的关系,城市更新和建设中出现了各类保护建筑遭到破坏;城市的特有风貌正在消失;城市的文脉被切断等问题,制约了城市的进一步发展。今天,乐山在国际旅游城市建设中,要以科学发展观为指导,严格遵循有效保护、统一管理、科学规划、永续利用的方针,树立并强化人文化理念,坚持以人为本,以人文化提高城市品位和生活质量,丰富城市建设内涵,将乐山打造成张扬个性、充满温馨、富有魅力的历史文化名城和国际旅游城市。     

对历史文化名城旅游开发的探索和思考

历史文化名城记载着城市的发展信息、蕴涵着深厚的历史文化,是我国古代城市规划建设的典范,也是全人类的宝贵财富。今天,越来越多的历史文化名城正在成为闻名遐尔的旅游热点城市．但在旅游开发过程中也出现了一些不恰当的建设行为,从而导致历史文化遗产遭到破坏。因此,必须在有效保护历史文化名城这一珍贵的资源的前提下充分发挥其城市的旅游功能。本文通过对历史文化名城旅游开发的理论基础、空间模式选择及管理体制建设等内容的阐述,对构建完整的历史文化名城旅游开发体系进行了有益的探索。     

国内外旅游城镇化研究进展

作为一种特殊类型的城镇化,旅游城镇化已成为新型城镇化的重要抓手,同时也是旅游地理学研究的重要课题。本文在对国内外相关文献综合梳理的基础上,对旅游城镇化的概念内涵、驱动因素、特征与影响进行研究对比与综合评述。通过对上述问题的系统回顾,展示旅游城镇化的发展历程及研究价值,辨明旅游城镇化研究的核心问题,以期为该领域的深入研究提供有力支撑。在当前中国旅游城镇化的消费特征、社会阶层、主客关系、身份认同、城市与文化表征亟需深入探索与案例研究的背景下,国外有关旅游城镇化发展模式与特征的研究成果,对我国未来的旅游城镇化具有重要的指导与借鉴意义。     

红色旅游产品特点和发展模式研究

红色旅游不同于一般的旅游活动,它是由有组织的爱国主义教育和革命传统教育活动孕育衍化而成,并在近年迅速发展起来的一种特殊的旅游产品类型,具有与众不同的特点和发展模式。相对于其它的旅游活动,红色旅游更多是以参观游览红色景观为主要内容,以接受思想教育为主要目的的旅游活动。它具有游客市场较为固定,以公费旅游为主,产品捆绑式销售等特点。借助良好的政策环境和高品位的红色旅游资源,实现产品的多样化、综合化,走政府主导加市场化运作的道路是目前国内已经成功开发的主要红色旅游地的发展模式。     

旅游机场吞吐量影响因素初探

近年来,在旅游者航空需求推动下,旅游热点地区兴建旅游机场已成为一大趋势。本文对旅游机场的概念、特点进行了归纳,认为旅游机场至少可以根据其对旅游客流的依赖程度区分为旅游景区机场和旅游城市机场。对机场吞吐量统计数据的分析发现,宏观地理区位是导致游客选择航空旅行方式比重存在差异的主要原因。对黄山和九寨沟等多个旅游机场的案例分析发现,具体的旅游线路组织方式、地面交通方式和其他机场的分流作用是导致旅游机场吞吐量悬殊的深层原因。在此基础上提出了旅游机场吞吐量影响因素的概念模型并将之用于喀纳斯机场和宜昌机场的分析。     

PLACE‐BASED ATTRIBUTES AND SPATIAL EXPENDITURE BEHAVIOR IN TOURISM

In recent discussions on local sustainable development, notions like “local for local” and “home bias” have often played a role. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether preferences for specific place‐based attributes might constrain or support tourism participation and tourism destination choice of distinct socioeconomic groups of visitors. To test this proposition, a large data set from the Italian Households Budget Survey for the period 1997–2007 has been used and, by means of the double‐hurdle model, tourism participation and expenditure are modeled over the life‐cycle of tourists. These data are next merged with location‐specific attributes including natural amenities and infrastructural and regional‐economic context variables. Our results show that location‐specific or place‐based characteristics affect intra‐ and interregional tourism differently, as well as destination choices. Regional differences between residents in two different macroareas in Italy (North and Center‐South) are investigated. Location‐specific characteristics may be either push or constraint factors for tourism participation. For families living in the North, participation in the tourism market is supported by the tourist characteristics of their home region. For families living in the central and southern regions however, economic conditions of the area where they reside appear to be more significant.