微量元素示踪古代青铜器铜矿料来源的可行性

目前,微量元素示踪法在青铜器矿料来源研究中的应用不尽人意。为此,模拟熔铸青铜器,对它们的微量元素作多元统计分析,旨在探讨利用微量元素探索古代青铜器铜矿料来源的可行性。分析表明：若舍弃冶炼后富集亍炉渣中的亲石亲铁元素,而仅选取富集于铜料中的亲铜元素及一些凡具有亲铜性,又具有亲铁性元素的成分数据,则通过多元统计分析,能较好地区别不同产地的铜矿料。     

皖南沿江地区部分出土青铜器的铜矿料来源初步研究

根据要想追溯青铜器铜矿料来源,必须先了解古铜矿及其冶炼金属产物的微量元素和同位素特征,研究其输出方向这一思路,以前期提出的以较高含量的Se、Te、Ni(Co／Ni大多小于1)、Ag、Au等及相对低含量的Sb、Bi、Mo等作为安徽铜陵等地古铜矿冶炼产物一铜锭产地的特征指示元素为综合判别标志,用等离子发射光谱仪对皖南沿江地区出土的部分青铜器进行多元素分析。结果表明,样品Tc2007、Tc2005、fc12所用铜料不大可能来自铜陵地区,其余样品可能来自当地。鼎、(虚瓦)等大件样品可能在其它地区铸造后传人本地。研究结果说明,利用微量元素判断青铜器铜矿料来源是可行的。     

安徽省南陵县江木冲古铜矿冶炼遗物自然科学研究及意义

本通过对江木冲冶炼遗址古铜矿、古炼渣、古铜锭及青铜器的对比研究,利用矿床学、冶金学等理论,探索利用自然科学手段解决其输出路线问题,提出了判别其产物(铜锭)的特征微量元素和其它综合判别标志,同时也为青铜器其它矿料来源(尤其锡矿)难题的解决进行了技术路线探索和方法研究。     

长江中下游古铜矿及冶炼产物输出方向判别标志初步研究

根据大量野外调查和相关样品的测试分析,指出了长江中下游铜矿带古代矿冶遗址分布及冶炼遗物岩相和地球化学特征;讨论了利用铅、铜等同位素及微量元素示踪本区铜矿冶炼产物输出方向的可行性,指出利用亲铜微量元素特征组合(包括富集、贫化元素,元素对及元素组合等)作为判别标志是相对而言较好的方法,同时要定性与定量标志综合考虑。     

再论商王朝的衰亡与铅

商代是中国青铜文明的繁盛阶段,青铜器在社会生活中广泛使用。考古出土商代青铜器含铅量很高,商代后期尤甚。综合安徽何郢青铜时代遗址人骨铅含量的分析、青铜器溶铅实验、殷墟墓葬出土青铜器铅含量的分析和山西绛县横北西周墓地人骨铅含量的分析等诸多学者新的研究成果,进而证明商代晚期贵族阶层应该存在严重的铅中毒,而铅中毒应为商王朝衰亡的重要原因之一。     

郑韩故城出土青铜器的矿料来源初步分析

基于富集在铜料中而保留其母矿信息的元素可以用于示踪青铜器的矿料来源,为了解郑韩故城青铜器的矿料来源,利用ICP-AES方法对郑韩故城出土东周时期青铜器的微量元素进行了检测。结果显示,21个青铜器样品微量元素特征具有相对一致性,推测可能具有相同的原料来源。与小双桥遗址出土青铜器的微量元素特征进行对比,二者存在明显的差异,说明从商代中期到春秋战国时期,这一地区的原料来源发生了改变。研究结果可为研究东周时期这一地区铜业发展状况提供线索。     

虢国墓地出土部分青铜器微量元素的分析

将微量元素示踪法与铅同位素比值法结合起来对青铜器矿料的溯源会起到相得益彰的效果。先前对虢国墓地青铜器的铅同位素比值测定表明,其青铜器铅同位素与山西中条山和长江中下游地区都有重合。本次微量元素分析结果显示,虢国墓地青铜器与山西中条山古矿冶遗址微量元素特征不同,而与长江中下游地区的湖北铜绿山古矿冶遗址铜锭的微量元素特征相似,推测长江中下游地区可能为虢国墓地青铜器提供了大量的铜料。此外,微量元素与铅同位素都表明虢国墓地不同墓葬的青铜器基本具有一致的矿料来源。     

关于早期铜矿业探索如何深化的思考——以鄂东南及铜绿山古铜矿遗址考古为例

本文对西亚和中国境内早期遗址中出土的红铜制品、青铜器、黄铜器和冶铸遗物及学术观点进行了疏理,讨论了己发现的铜矿料采冶与铸造地点的考古学文化背景,认为长江中游可能为中国青铜文明的起源区之一。并结合"十二·五"期间在鄂东南铜绿山国家考古遗址公园建设中取得的考古新成果,提出了今后在长江中游地区深化探索早期铜矿业,必须以多学科的考古工作为基础,重点对铜矿山周围的一些面积大、等级高的新石器时代至商周时期的遗址、城址、墓葬进行考古调查和发掘的工作思路与方法。     

由考古遗存管窥峡江地区夏商周时期的铸铜业

本文通过对峡江地区夏商周时期青铜器遗存和相关冶铸遗迹的搜集、整理、分析,探讨了峡江地区夏商周时期铸铜业的发展阶段、规模和特点。研究发现,峡江地区的青铜器遗存可分为前后两个发展阶段,即夏商西周时期和东周时期,前一阶段遗址数量和出土青铜器数量都较少,后一阶段则明显增加。与青铜器伴出的还有为数不少的石范、陶范、铜矿石、铜渣、烧土面等冶铸遗迹,说明该地区存在早期的青铜冶铸业。若将该地区以巫山为界划分为东、西两区,东区出土的青铜器年代上限普遍早于西区,遗址和青铜器数量,也都远多于西区,这说明东、西两区铸铜业的发展是不平衡的,其原因,大概与两区铜矿资源的分布和储量差异有关。     

试论铜绿山古铜矿的生产水平

我国古代辉煌灿烂的青铜文化,赢得了人们广泛的赞颂和称誉。但在过去,由于考古资料缺乏,我们对于古代制作青铜器的铜是怎样开采和冶炼出来的这一历史课题,却长期无法作出确切的回答。随着我国大规模经济建设的开展,在开发铜矿的生产过程中,古铜矿遗址已有多处发现。近十年来,湖北大冶铜绿山古铜矿遗址的发现和发掘,为我们回答这一历史课题,提供了大量的实物资料,从而也使我们对青铜器的研究进入了一个新的领域。     

秦始皇帝陵园出土彩绘青铜水禽铜矿料来源探索

关于秦始皇帝陵出土彩绘青铜水禽铜矿料来源的研究,对进一步研究秦代的物质文化、青铜器冶铸工艺、装饰工艺以及铜矿来源均具有重要意义。本研究对部分秦始皇帝陵园出土彩绘青铜水禽基体进行了铅同位素分析及微量元素分析。并在此基础之上,与甘肃东部及关中西部出土的部分早期秦文化铜器、国墓地出土的部分铜器、周原李家铸铜作坊出土的部分铜器、山西中条山、江西瑞昌、江西铜岭、安徽铜陵以及湖北大冶铜绿山古铜矿以及秦岭山区的部分现代铜矿的相关数据进行了对比研究。结果发现,秦始皇帝陵园出土的青铜水禽使用了相同的矿料,且与绝大多数早期秦文化铜器所使用的矿料基本相同,但与国墓地以及李家铸铜作坊出土西周铜器的矿料明显有别。秦人使用的铜矿与秦岭山区现代铜矿较为接近,表明秦人的铜矿来源可能与秦岭山区有关。     

The potential of stable Cu isotopes for the identification of Bronze Age ore mineral sources from Cyprus and Faynan: results from Uluburun and Khirbat Hamra Ifdan

Copper isotope ratios differ between hypogene sulfidic, supergene sulfidic and oxidized ore sources. Traditional lead isotope signatures of ancient metals are specific to deposits, while Cu isotope signatures are specific to the types of ore minerals used for metal production in ancient times. Two methodological case studies are presented: First, the mining district of Faynan (Jordan) was investigated. Here, mainly oxidized copper ores occur in the deposits. The production of copper from Fayan’s ore sources is confirmed by the measurement of the Cu isotope signature of ingots from the Early Bronze Age metal workshop from Khirbat Hamra Ifdan. Based on our results illustrating differences in the Cu isotope composition between the ore mineralizations from Timna (Israel) and Faynan, it is now possible to determine these prehistoric mining districts from which copper artifacts originated by combining trace elements and Pb isotopes with Cu isotopes. The second case study presents data on Late Bronze Age copper production in Cyprus. Oxhide ingots from the shipwreck of Uluburun (Turkey) were tested for their lead isotope signatures and assigned to Cypriot deposits in the recent decades. The oxhide ingots from Uluburun show a Cu isotope signature which we also found for oxidized copper ores from Cyprus, while younger oxhide ingots as well as metallurgical slag from the Cypriot settlements Kition and Enkomi show a different signature which might be due to the use of sulfidic ore sources from a greater depth of deposits. We assert that there could be a chronological shift from oxidized to sulfidic ore sources for the copper production in Cyprus, requiring different technologies. Therefore, Cu isotopes can be used as a proxy to reconstruct mining and induced smelting activities in ancient times.     

ON THE COMPOSITION AND PROVENANCE OF METAL ARTEFACTS FROM POLIOCHNI ON LEMNOS

Summary. The majority of the well-stratified Early Bronze Age metal objects from Poliochni, with the exclusion of one hoard find, was analyzed for their chemical and lead isotope composition. The results show that a major change occurred in the metal used at Poliochni during periods contemporary with Troy I and Troy II. Unalloyed or arsenical copper with relatively high lead contents during the earliest two periods 'azzurro' and 'verde' is gradually replaced and supplemented by tin bronze which, during period 'giallo', i.e., by the end of Troy II, becomes the dominant metal type. Lead isotope abundance ratios in the earlier artefacts are consistent with a derivation of the metal from regional ore sources but the trace element abundance pattern is not. Concurrent with the appearance of tin bronzes is an increase in the diversity of ore deposits exploited; for about one third of the artefacts from period 'giallo' there is as yet no matching ore source in all Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. It is argued that the tin bronzes have been imported as such but that the lead isotope signature does not provide any direct clues to the origin of the tin.     

THE ORIGIN of METAL OBJECTS FROM the EARLY BRONZE AGE SITE of THERMI ON the ISLAND of LESBOS

Summary: Lead isotope analysis of metal are deposits in the Mediterranean provides an important database for provenance studies of ancient metal artefacts. the Isotrace laboratory at Oxford has accumulated during the past decade well over 2000 lead isotope data on copper and lead ores and these data (in addition to analyses published by other groups) can be used for comparisons with lead isotope compositions of ancient metal objects. In a search for the roots of Early Bronze Age metallurgy in Europe we have analysed 34 copper-based objects from the Early Bronze Age strata of the town of Thermi on the Aegean island of Lesbos. the results of lead isotope analysis show that the metal objects on this site have a quite varied origin. Some of the objects are made of copper consistent with an origin from the mineral deposits of the Troad whilst others might be made of copper from the Cyclades. However, there are also some objects which are not made of copper from any of the Aegean deposits. These imports have later parallels on the site of Kastri on Syros and amongst the objects excavated by Schliemann at Troy.     

铅同位素考古研究的可行性问题——浅议“青铜器铅同位素指示意义的范铸实验研究”

国际上对铅同位素示踪方法在青铜器原料产地研究中的应用做过很多探讨。《范铸》一文再次提出有关问题,认为铅同位素分析结果不能确切指示青铜器铜锡铅原料的来源信息。本文考察了其依据的实验数据,它们似乎与其观点互相矛盾,其结论说服力相当有限。