Gaiola vs. Borbone System: A Comparison between 18th Century Anti-Seismic Case Studies

This article briefly discusses the seismic-resistant heritage of the 18th century, circumscribed in Lisbon’s Baixa Pombalina (post 1755) and case baraccate of Southern Italy (post 1783).

A comparison of these anti-seismic systems is discussed through the architectural principles and the mechanical behavior. It is shown that, despite the wide diversity of cases and the different geo-historical conditioning, both systems arise from an intuition of the compound seismic efficiency, the typical pragmatism of the enlightenment period and an interpretation of the classic composition code.

Two specific case studies, a private building in Baixa Pombalina (Lisbon) and the Bishop’s Palace of Mileto (Calabria region) are compared. We briefly analyze: (i) configuration and structural principles; (ii) characteristics of the materials; and (iii) seismic behavior.

A standardized spatial morphology closely linked to traditional construction techniques positively determines the seismic response and it is one of the key common factors in this heritage to be preserved.

In both cases, the architectural and structural choices are crucial to the seismic response of the building and must be respected as an identity of a specific technical knowledge. Moreover, this materiality represents a historical continuity of the community’s memory that requires transdisciplinary, critical understanding, and preservation.     

Vulnerability Index: A New Approach for Preventive Conservation of Monuments

A new approach is developed for vulnerability analysis of monuments based on a matrix model and the relationships with static and structural factors, climatic conditions, air quality, urban planning and social agents for preventive conservation of cultural heritage in urban centers.

The objective is to provide tools for decision-makers in the current recession to allow them to prioritize strategies for cultural heritage preservation in a town, where territorial policies are applied and regions where restoration budget is distributed. This new tool allows to classify monuments in order to prioritize restoration and is useful in deeper analysis associated to risks assessment.

The degradation of building materials and structures is mainly due to deterioration caused by structural instability, weathering, pollution, and anthropogenic damage. The vulnerability approach of each monument (vulnerability indexes) was calculated, based on a Leopold matrix that depends on intrinsic variables and the life of the monuments. For the very first time, the influence of different deterioration agents has been balanced with a Delphi forecast based on architects’ opinions.

The result is a new pre-Artificial Intelligence tool that enables users to reproduce human reasoning to study relations between vulnerability factors, risk factors, and the historical parameters of the monuments.     

Picturing Pasargadae: Visual Representation and the Ambiguities of Heritage in Iran

For Graham Seal

This paper probes the relationship between visual representations and visitation practices at Pasargadae, a UNESCO World Heritage site in southern Iran. Presenting a systematic analysis of publicly available online images of Pasargadae, the paper examines the complex relationship between the place and its visual representations. Through analysis, the paper elaborates on a sense of intimacy that, while grounding Pasargadae, is also a potential common ground in pre-Islamic heritage in which the Iranian state and society could at once meet and contest versions of identity. Examining this relationship facilitates reflections into both heritage and the peculiarities of its visual representation in the Iranian context.     

No Permission to Cross: Cypriot women's dialogue across the divide

Much scholarly attention has been given to the study of the gendered aspect of ethno-national conflicts trying to understand the experiences of men and women in a conflict situation and to what extent these shape different types of intervention for peacemaking and peace-building. Are women's experiences of conflict different from men's? Do women have a different voice than the mainstream dominant discourses produced by patriarchal systems? Do women in conflict societies respond to militarism and the violation of human rights differently from men? Are women's needs for identity and peace different depending on which ethnic–religious group they belong to? Are their needs different from those of men? This article will try to answer the above questions focusing on a feminist understanding of conflict in Cyprus. The main contention put forward in the article is that gender is an important factor to take into account when conflict societies are engaging in peace processes. To this end, data are analysed from different inter-ethnic women's workshops in which the author was either a participant–observer, or a facilitator. This analysis of the data demonstrates that Greek and Turkish Cypriot women's voices and experiences are diverse and multiple. Both men and women are socialised in the same nationalist paradigms, a fact that can explain how in the initial phases of the dialogue processes both groups of women tended to reproduce official discourses. Their own experiences and differentiated voices began to emerge only after a gendered understanding of the conflict was introduced and trust and conflict resolution skills were instituted in the dialogue process. Drawing attention to the gradual shift of perspectives in the context of inter-ethnic workshops, the article concludes by arguing that women's dialogue can challenge the omnipotence of the state and may open up a new space whereby a diversity of perspectives and mutual trust can emerge.

Flying Away to the Other Side

Our birthplace is split in two and we

Are caught on barbed wire-hybrids

Turk and Greek alike     

William Howard Taft,the 1908 Election,and the Future of the American Presidency

Although the first presidential election where both major party candidates (William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan) hit the campaign trail, the election of 1908 is a neglected election. When scholars do address it, they typically focus on retiring incumbent president Theodore Roosevelt and his role therein. This article turns the focus away from Roosevelt, and also Bryan, and places it firmly on Taft, a reluctant candidate. Taft's role in 1908 is important because his very reluctance to embrace the changing expectations of the presidency helps to highlight the tensions between the old and new ways of campaigning and, more broadly, the traditional and modern presidencies.

The article first addresses Taft's decision to abandon his “front-porch” campaign. Taft's initial inclination toward a front-porch campaign reveals well his more traditional approach to the election and to the presidency in general, just as his decision to abandon this plan and “stump” for votes reflects his submission to developing trends and expectations. Second, the article examines the changing role of technology, this election being the first to feature phonograph recordings of the candidates, which would then be sold—and played—across the country. Third, the tours and speeches of Taft in the 1908 general election take center stage. The spectacle of these tours offers further evidence of the changing contours of American politics and presidential leadership, especially in elevating the personalities of the candidates. Finally, the 1908 election is examined from the standpoint of American political development and presidential history.     

Charlotte Sophia Burne: Shropshire Folklorist,First Woman President of the Folklore Society,and First Woman Editor of Folklore . Part 2: Update and Preliminary Bibliography

THE EVIL EYE IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS. By R. C. MACLAGAN, M.D. pp. 232. London: David Nutt. 1902. Reviewed by John Abercromby.

WITCHCRAFT AND SECOND SIGHT IN THE HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND. By the late JOHN GREGORSON CAMFHELL. pp. 314. Glasgow : James MacLehose. 1902. Reviewed by John Abercromby.

OUTER ISLES. By A. GOODRICH-FREER. pp. 448. Westminster: A. Constable and Co. 1902. Reviewed by John Abercromby.

POPULAR RELIGION IN THE PANJAB. Report of the Census of the Panjab and North-West Frontier Province of 1901. By H. A. ROSE. Simla. 1902. Reviewed by W. Crooke.

LA VIE FUTURE D'APRÉS LE MAZDÉISME À LA LUMIÈRE DES CROVANCES PARALLÈLES DANS LES AUTRES RELIGIONS. ÉTUDE D'ARCHÉOLOGIE COMPARÉE. Par NATHAN SÖDERBLOM. Paris: Leroux. 1901. Reviewed by Alfred Nutt.

THE ORIGIN OF CIVILISATION AND THE PRIMITIVE CONDITION OF MAN. By the RIGHT HON. LORD AVEBURY, P.C., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. Sixth edition, with numerous additions. Longmans, Green, &; Co. 1902. 8vo. Price 18s. Reviewed by A. C. Haddon.

THE MABINOGION. Translated by Lady C. GUEST, and Edited by A. NUTT. D. NUTT. 2s. 1 vol. Reviewed by Margaret Eyre.

THE LITERATURE OF THE CELTS, ITS HISTORY AND ROMANCE. By MAGNUS MACLEAN, M.A., D.Sc. 8vo. Blackie and Son. London. 1902. Reviewed by F. York Powell.     

First Trials to Set Up a Microwave Reflectometric Tool for the Survey of Historic Timber Structures

Timber structures can be degraded during their life both by structural problems and by biological degradation factors like fungi and insects. The occurrence of those biodegradation agents could lead to a loss of their structural integrity, in the absence of appropriate maintenance. An early assessment of the decay is even more important when the wooden structures are part of historical buildings, in the interest of conservation of cultural heritage.

This article presents an application of microwave reflectometry for the in situ evaluation of timber structures. The measurement system allows detecting anomalies inside the material in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner.

The reflection coefficient is measured by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA) using a double-ridge antenna which transmits the continuous-wave (CW) microwave signal and receives the signal reflected by the material under investigation.

Measurements on laboratory models demonstrated the feasibility of the method. Results obtained on timber beam sections, compared with the findings of traditional investigation methodologies, demonstrate the potentiality of microwave reflectometry, suggesting its possible usefulness during the diagnostic phase as a non-invasive tool for preliminary screening.     

A long revolution: Writing the political history of Queensland regimes

Peter Coaldrake, Working the System: Government in Queensland. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1989, pp.l85.$12.95 (paper)

Phil Dickie, The Road to Fitzgerald: Revelations of Corruption Spanning Four Decades, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1988. pp.293. $9.95 (paper); second edition, The Road to Fitzgerald ana Beyond, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1989, pp.337. $12.95 (paper)

Evan Whitton, The Hillbilly Dictator: Australia's Police State, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Enterprises, Crows Nest, NSW, 1989, pp. 197. $16.99 (paper)

Ross Fitzgerald and Harold Thornton, Labor in Queensland: From the 1880s to 1988. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1989, pp.422. $34.95 (paper)

Peter Charlton, State of Mind: Why Queensland is Different, Methuen Haynes, North Ryde, second edition 1987, pp. 263. $12.95 (paper)     

Development in the dependent state: The Kenyan case

COLONIALISM AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN EAST AFRICA: THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE, 1919–1939. E.A. Brett. Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1973.

RACIAL BARGAINING IN INDEPENDENT KENYA: A STUDY OF MINORITIES AND DECOLONIZATION. Donald Rothchild. Oxford U.P. for Institute of Race Relations, London, 1973.

THE POLITICAL INTEGRATION OF URBAN SQUATTERS. Marc Howard Ross. North Western U.P., Chicago, 1973.

KENYA: THE POLITICS OF PARTICIPATION AND CONTROL. Henry Bienen. Princeton U.P., Princeton, 1974.

PEASANT POLITICS: CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT IN MURANGA. Geoff Lamb. Julian Friedmann Publishers, Lewes, Sussex, 1974. Paperback edition 1977.

THE ECONOMICS OF COLONIALISM: BRITAIN AND KENYA 1870–1930. Richard Wolff. Yale U.P., New Haven, 1974.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN KENYA: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NEO‐COLONIALISM. Colin Leys. Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1975.     

Book review

Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies

vol. III, no. 2., ed. Robert Pinner and Walter B. Denny. Published by the Islamic Department of Sotheby’ s and OCTS, Ltd., London (n.d., 1990?). 262 pages, with 12 colour plates and many black and white illus. and diagrams; soft‐bound with colour cover.

Textile Conservation and Research

by Mechtilde Fleury‐Lemburg. Bern, Switzerland: Abegg Stiftung. 1988, 532 pp.

An Introduction to Kurdish Rugs and Other Weavings

William Eagleton. New York, Interlink Books. 1988. 144 pp., 124 full‐page color plates.

Kordi: Lives, Rugs, Flatweaves of the Kurds in Khorasan

Wilfried Stanzer, Vienna, Adil Besim. 1988. 220 pp., 78 full‐page color plates, 48 color figures in text.

Carpets in the Baluch Tradition

by Siawosch Azadi. English trans. by Maria Schlatter and Robert Pinner. Klinkhardt and Biermann, Munich, 1986.

Armenian Rugs: Fabric of a Culture. An Exhibition at the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies

August 17‐October 29, 1988. Co‐sponsored by the Armenian Rug Society. Ed. Pamela B. Nelson. 40 pp; colour and black and white photographs, maps and “selected bibliography”. Philadelphia: Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1988.

Women's Costume of the Near and Middle East

by Jennifer Scarce, London and Sydney: Unwin Hyman Publishers, 1987. pp. 192     

Books: Notes & reviews

Australian

T. Brennan, New Community, Problems and Policies, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1973, pp. 353, $3.95.

J. E. Richardson, Patterns of Australian Federalism, Centre for Research on Federal Financial Relations, Research Monograph No. 1, ANU, Canberra, 1973, pp. 142 + x, $4.00.

Australian Women in Governments Past and Present, revised as of July, 1973, pp. 15. Survey of Women in Local Government in Australia, 3rd edn, September, 1973, pp. 60. Both compiled by A. Viola Smith, 6 Baden Road, Neutral Bay, NSW 2089.

The Government Law Newsletter (the Newsletter of the Government Law Interest Group of the Australasian Universities Law Schools Association), No. 1, August, 1970; from No. 2, March, 1972, issued twice a year. Editor: Stan Hotop, University of Sydney Law School, 173–5 Phillip St, Sydney, NSW 2000. Free.

Australian Law Librarians’ Group Newsletter, No. 1, December, 1973. Six times a year. Editor: Robert Watt, Law Reform Commission, Box 6, GPO, Sydney, NSW 2001. Free.

Non‐Australian

Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky, Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland; or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at all, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. University of California Press, 1973, pp. 182 + xviii.

Dusan Sidjanski, ed., Political Decision Making Processes: studies in national, comparative and international politics, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1973, pp. 237, Dfl 27.50.

P. R. Kaim‐Caudle, Comparative Social Policy and Social Security: A Ten Country Study, Martin Robertson, 1973, pp. viii + 357, £2.25.

Prasanta K. Pattanaik, Voting and Collective Choice. Some Aspects of the Theory of Group Decision‐Making, Cambridge University Press, 1971, pp. viii + 184, $9.50.

Government Publications Review: an international journal, 1 (1), Fall, 1973, quarterly, $US35 p.a. Published by SEBD Publications Inc., 380 Saw Mill River Road, Elmsford, New York 10523.

Bertell Oilman, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, Cambridge University Press, 1971. pp. 325 + xvi, paperback, £1.80.

L. G. Churchward, The Soviet Intelligentsia: An essay on the social structure and roles of Soviet intellectuals during the 1960s, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. 1973, pp. xiii + 204, $9.85.

Nancy Whittier Heer, Politics and History in the Soviet Union, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, 1971, pp. xi + 319, $12.50.

Leslie R. Marchant, The Phoenix Seat: An Introductory Study of Maoism and the Chinese Communist Quest for a Paradise on Earth, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1973, pp. 276, $7.95.

F. C. Langdon, Japan's Foreign Policy, University of British Columbia Press, 1973, pp. 231 + xiv, $9.00.

Donald F. Miller, Pervasive Politics: a study of the Indian district, Melbourne Politics Monograph, 1972.

Brian Edwards, ed., Right Out—>The Labour Victory 1972, A. H. and A. W. Reed, 1973, pp. 262, $6.50.

Mahdi Elmandjra, The United Nations System: An Analysis, Faber and Faber, London, 1973, pp. 329 + annexes, $16.50.

Gerhard Mally, The European Community in Perspective, the New Europe, the United States and the World, D. C. Heath and Co., Lexington, Massachusetts, 1973, pp. xvi + 349, $11.50.     

Book reviews

Australian Books

A. T. Yarwood: Attitudes to Non‐European Immigration (Problems in Australian History), Cassell, Melbourne, 1968, pp. 146, $2.25.

Frank Hardy: The Unlucky Australians, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1968, pp. 249 + index, $4.95 (cloth), $1.95 (paper).

Stanley Brogden: Australia's Two‐Airline Policy, Melbourne University Press, 1968, pp. 235, $5.75.

C. A. Hughes, ed.: Readings in Australian Government, University of Queensland Press, 1968, pp. 504, $6.50.

Jean Spender: Ambassador's Wife, Angus and Robertson. Sydney, 1968, pp. 207, $4.25.

Arthur Huck: The Chinese in Australia, Longmans, Melbourne, 1968, pp. 117, $4.50.

M. Revelman: Sex and Politics in Australia, Publicity Press Books, Adelaide, 1968, pp. 297, $1.35.

J. A. La Nauze, ed.: Alfred Deakin: Federated Australia: Selections from Letters to the Morning Post: 1900–1910, Melbourne University Press, 1968, pp. 314, $7.20.

Overseas Books

Frank Parkin: Middle‐Class Radicalism: The Social Bases of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Melbourne University Press, 1968, pp. 207 + vii, $4.75.

L. J. Sharpe, ed.: Voting in Cities, Macmillan, London, 1968, pp. 340, $8.80.

The Times News Team: The Black Man in Search of Power, Nelson, London, 1968, pp. 174, $4.95.

J. A. A. Stockwin: The Japanese Socialist Party and Neutralism: A Study of a Political Party and its Foreign Policy, Melbourne University Press, 1968, pp. 197 + x, $6.50.

D. A. Low, ed.: Soundings in Modern South Asian History, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1968, pp. 399 + viii, $7.50.

Gwendolen M. Carter, Thomas Karis and Newell M. Stulyz: South Africa's Transkei: The Politics of Domestic Colonialism, London, Heinemann, 1967, pp. 184 + viii, $6.70.     

Elections,contemporary history,policy and ideology: Current writing on Mrs Thatcher

Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism. Macmillan Education, Basingstoke, 1988, pp.263 + xii, $21.95 (paper).

Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. Verso, London, 1988, pp.283 + vii, $29.95 (paper).

Martin Harrop and Andrew Shaw, Can Labour Win? The Fabian Series, Unwin Hyman, London, 1989, pp.143 + x, $16.95 (paper).

Peter Jenkins, Mrs Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era. Pan Books, London, 1988, pp.417 + xxxviii, $14.99 (paper).

Bob Jessop, Kevin Bonnett, Simon Bromley and Tom Ling, Thatcherism: A Tale of Two Nations. Polity Press in association with Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, 1988, pp.219 + viii, $25.95 (paper).

Dennis Kavanagh and Peter Morris, Consensus Politics from Attlee to Thatcher, Making Contemporary Britain. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1989, pp.137 + xvii, $23.95 (paper).

Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Thatcher Effect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.355 + xvii, $23.95 (paper).

Kenneth Minogue and Michael Biddiss (eds.), Thatcherism: Personality and Politics. Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1987, pp.144 + xvii, $29.95 (paper).

Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, The Loyalties of Voters: A Lifetime Learning Model. Sage, London, 1990, pp.215 + xii, $22.90 (Paper).

Robert Skidelsky, Thatcherism. Chatto and Windus, London, 1988, pp.214, $29.95.

Leonard Tivey, Interpretations of British Politics: The Image and the System. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1988, pp.168 + x, $30.95 (paper).

Hugo Young, One of Us. Macmillan, London, 1989, pp.570 + ix, $39.95.     

Book reviews

Australian Politics

Peter Beilharz, Transforming Labor: Labour Tradition and the Labor Decade in Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp.245 $29.95 ISBN 0 521 43821 7.

Christine Fletcher (ed.), Aboriginal Self‐Determination in Australia (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Report Series, 1994) pp.204 $16.95 ISBN 085575.

William Sanders (ed.), Mabo and Native Title: Origins and Institutional Implications (Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Research Monograph No.7, 1994) pp.83 $15.00 ISBNO 7315 20084.

Ciaran O'Faircheallaigh, Peter Graham and Jeni Warburton (eds), Service Delivery and Public Sector Marketing (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1991) pp.191 $24.95 ISBN 0 7329 0386 6.

J. Taylor, Regional Change in the Economic Status of Indigenous Australians, 1986–91. Research Monograph No.6 (Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, ANU, 1993) pp.77 $15.00 ISBN 0 7315 1870 5.

J. Taylor, The Relative Economic Status of Indigenous Australians, 1986–91. Research Monograph No.5 (Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, ANU, 1993) pp.85 $15.00 ISBN 0 7315 1841.

Andrew C. Theophanous, Understanding Social Justice (Melbourne: Elkia Books, 1993) pp.373 $n.p. ISBN 1875335 021.

Rodney Tiffen, News and Power (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1989) pp.255 $19.95 ISBN 0 04 372043 9.

K.J. Walker, The Political Economy of Environmental Policy: An Australian Introduction (Kensington, NSW: UNSW Press, 1994) pp.349 $24.95 ISBN 0 86840 070 X.

Comparative and International Politics

A. Doak Barnett, China's Far West: Four Decades of Change (Boulder: Colorado: Westview Press, 1993) pp.688 $US39.95 ISBN 0 8133 1774 6.

Robert E. Bedeski, The Transformation of South Korea. Reform and Reconstruction in the Sixth Republic under Roh Tae Woo 1987–1992 (London and New York: Routledge, 1994) pp.197 $35.95 ISBN 0 415 10604 4.

Samuel H. Beer, To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993) pp. 392 US$29.95 ISBN 0 674 89317 4.

David Campbell, Politics Without Principle: Sovereignty, Ethics and the Narratives of the Gulf War (London: Lynne Rlenner, 1993) pp.118 $20.50 ISBN 1 55587 381 2.

Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993) pp.198 $US39.95 ISBN 0 8133 8181 9.

Scott Davidson, Human Rights (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993) pp.178 $49.95 ISBN 0 335 15768 8.

Frank Fischer and John Forester (eds), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (London: UCL Press, 1993) pp.318 $39.95 ISBN 1 85728 183 7.

Frank Frost, Vietnam's Foreign Relations: Dynamics of Change. Pacific Strategic Papers No.6 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1993) pp.90 $14.99 ISBN 981 3016 65 5.

Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994) pp.266 $US18.95 ISBN 1 55587 446 0.

Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia New Edition. (Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin, 1994) pp.258 $14.95 ISBN 0 14 023415 2.

Brian Hocking, Localizing Foreign Policy: Non‐Central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy (London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's, 1993) pp.249 £40.00 ISBN 0 312 09720 4.

Peter Jackson and Jan Penrose, (eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London: UCL Press, 1993) pp.216 $37.95 ISBN 1 85728 077 6.

Ann Kent, Between Freedom and Subsistence: China and Human Rights (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993) pp.293 $25.95 ISBN 0 19 585521 3.

Robert Pinkney, Democracy in the Third World (Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1993) pp.182 $39.95 ISBN 0 335 15704 1.

Larry Diamond (ed.), Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries (Boulder and London: Lynne Rlenner, 1993) pp.485 $US49.95 ISBN 1 55587 303 0.

Geoffrey Ponton and Peter Gill, Introduction to Politics. Third edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) pp.327 ISBN 0 631 18784 7.

George Schopflin, Polities in Eastern Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) pp.327 $39.95 ISBN 0 631 14724 1.

Andrew Sharp (ed.), Leap Into the Dark: The Changing Role of the State in New Zealand Since 1984 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1994) pp.255 $NZ34.95 ISBN 1 86940 096 8.

John Stevenson, Third Party Politics Since 1945 (London: Institute of Contemporary British History/Allen and Unwin, 1993) pp.157 $32.95 ISBN 0 631 17127 4.

Phil Cocker, Contemporary British Politics and Government (London: Tudor Business Publishing/Hodder and Stoughton, 1993) pp.404 $38.95 ISBN 1 872807 35 6.

Danny Unger and Paul Blackburn (eds), Japan's Emerging Global Role (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1993) pp.213 $US16.95 ISBN 1 55587 387 1.

Anthony van Fossen, The International Political Economy of Pacific Islands Flags of Convenience (Brisbane: Centre for the Study of Australia‐Asia Relations, Monograph No. 66: Griffith University, 1992) pp.86 $10.00 ISBN 0 86857 474 0.

John Wesley Young, Orwell's Newspeak and Totalitarian Language: Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1991) pp.335 $US36.50 ISBN 0 8139 1324 1.

Political Theory and Methodology

Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power. John B. Thompson (ed.), Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (trans.) (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992) pp.302 $39.95 ISBN 0 7456 1034 X.

Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (eds), A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) pp.679 $165.00 ISBN 0 631 17993 3.

David Held (ed.), Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West (Oxford: Polity Press, 1993) pp.412 $45.00 ISBN 0 7456 0989 9.

Anthony H. Birch, The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy (London: Routledge, 1993) pp.260 $38.95 ISBN 0 415 09108 X.

Kathleen Jones, Compassionate Authority: Democracy and the Representation of Women (New York: Routledge, 1993) pp.272 £12.99 ISBN 0 415 90644 X.

Robert Leach, Political Ideologies: An Australian Introduction. Second Edition (Melbourne: MacMillan, 1993) pp.245 $32.95 ISBN 0 7329 2001 9.

Lynn McDonald, The Early Origins of the Social Sciences (Montréal: McGill‐Queen's University Press, 1993) pp.397 ISBN 0 7735 1124 5.

Toby Miller, The Well‐Tempered Self: Citizenship, Culture, and the Postmodern Subject (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1993) pp.290 $n.p. ISBN 0 8018 4604 8.

Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993) pp.194 $US24.95 ISBN 0 69107893 9.     

The Mahathir administration's war against Islamic militancy: operational and ideological challenges

Fundamentalism is a behavioural question, a psychology which cannot be fought with armadas, but only with other ideas.

King Hassan II

When the only tool you have is a hammer, you treat everything like a nail

Abraham Maslow

This article assesses the Malaysian government's confrontation with Islamic militancy in its domestic political sphere. It suggests that while the operational capacity of the Malaysian state and security forces has successfully and effectively crippled militant Islamic organisations on the home front, the long‐term success in the battle against Islamic militancy lies not in operational capacity but in the realm of the ideological contest, and it is here that the current focus on the intensification of state control and surveillance as the best means to counter militant Islam may well prove to be a misplaced strategy that will undermine the key objective of undercutting sympathy and support for those militant groups purporting to engage in an Islamic struggle. It further suggests that while many of the hard‐line counter‐terrorism strategies were formulated during the Mahathir administration, there is little indication that the government of Abdullah Badawi will moderate Malaysia's policies on Islamic militancy.     

Reviews: Australian

Richard Lucy, The Australian Form of Government, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1985, pp.460. $19.95 (paper)

Greg Whitwell, The Treasury Line, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1986, pp.308. $17.95 (paper)

Dean Jaensch, Getting Our Houses in Order: Australia's Parliament, Ringwood, Penguin, 1986, pp.192. $9.95 (paper)

Lionel Murphy, The Rule of Law, edited by Jean and Richard Ely, Amcliffe NSW, Akron Press, 1986, pp.xx,309. $17.95 (paper)

The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabian Papers, Melbourne, McPhee Gribble/Penguin, 1986, pp.202. $8.95 (paper)

Malcolm Saunders & Ralph Summy, The Australian Peace Movement: A Short History, Canberra, Peace Research Centre (distributor Social Alternatives), 1986, pp.78, $3.75 (paper)

David McKnight (ed.), Moving Left: The Future of Socialism in Australia. Sydney, Pluto Press, 1986, pp.221. $11.95 (paper)

Braham Dabscheck, Arbitrator at Work: Sir William Raymond Kelly and the Regulation of Australian Industrial Relations, Sydney, Allen & Un‐win, 1983, pp.169. $14.95 (paper)

C. D. Rowley, Recovery: the Politics of Aboriginal Reform, Ringwood, Penguin, 1986, pp. 169. $8.95 (paper)

James Walter, The Ministers’ Minders: Personal Advisers in National Government, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1986, pp.237. $25.00 (cloth), $12.00 (paper)

Warren Osmond, Frederic Eggleston: An Intellectual in Australian Politics, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1985, pp.357. $29.95 (cloth)

Barry Gustafson, From the Cradle to the Grave: A Biography of Michael Joseph Savage, Auckland, Reed Methuen, 1986, pp.369. $35.00 (cloth)

J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations, London, Allen & Unwin, 1986, pp. xvi, 253.

Leslie Holmes, Politics in the Communist World, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986, pp.401. $32.00 (paper)

Bronislaw Misztal (ed.), Poland After Solidarity: Social Movements versus the State, New Brunswick, Transaction Books, 1985, pp.167. US$20.00 (cloth)

David S. Mason, Public Opinion and Political Change in Poland. 1980–1982, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 275. $74.00 (cloth)

Robert F. Miller and T.H. Rigby (eds), Religion and Politics in Communist States, Canberra, Occasional Paper No. 19, Department of Political Science, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, 1986, pp.141.

John Rayenhill, Collective Clientelism: The Lome Conventions and North‐South Relations, New York, Columbia University Press, 1985, pp.389. $49.00 (cloth)

E.J. Clay and B.B. Schaffer (eds) Room for Manoeuvre — An Exploration of Public Policy in Agriculture and Rural Development, London, Heinemann, 1984, pp.209. $ 13.50 (paper)

Kenneth Fox, Metropolitan America: Urban Life and Urban Policy in the United States, 1940–1980, London, Macmillan, 1985, pp.274. $19.95 (paper)

K.J. Holsti, The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory, London, Allen and Unwin, 1985, pp.165. $39.95 (cloth)

Richard Clutterbuck (ed.), The Future of Political Violence, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 206. $19.95 (paper)

Christopher Lee, War in Space, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1986, pp.242, £10.95 (cloth); and E.P. Thompson (ed.), Star Wars, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1985, pp.165, $6.95 (paper)

Kevin Boyle and Tom Hadden, Ireland: A Positive Proposal, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1985, pp.127. $7.95 (paper)

Malcolm Slater, Contemporary French Politics, London, Macmillan, 1985, pp.xv + 259. $13.95 (paper)

Olajide Aluko and Timothy M. Shaw (eds), Southern Africa in the 1980s, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1985, pp.327. $45.00 (cloth)

Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons, Mission to South Africa: The Commonwealth Report, London, Penguin Books for the Commonwealth Secretariat, 1986, pp.176. $6.95 (paper)

N.P. Hepworth, The Finance of Local Government, rev. 6th edition, London, Allen & Unwin, 1985, pp.344. $22.95 (paper)

Government, 2nd edition, London, Allen & Unwin, 1986, pp.164. $14.95 (paper)

Anthony Giddens, The Nation‐State and Violence, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985, pp.399. $58.50 (cloth)

Donald Home, The Public Culture: The Triumph of Industrialism, Sydney, Pluto Press, 1986, pp.264. $12.95 (paper)

Mark Cousins and Athar Hussain, Michel Foucault, London, Macmillan, 1984, pp.278. $18.95 (paper)

J.A. Downie, Jonathan Swift, Political Writer, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, pp.391. $35.95 (paper)

Robert Young, Personal Autonomy: Beyond Negative and Positive Liberty, London & Sydney, Croom Helm, 1986, pp.123. $44.95 (cloth)

David Muschamp (ed.), Political Thinkers, Melbourne, Macmillan, 1986, pp.259. $29.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paper)

Alistair Mant, Leaders We Deserve, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp.250. $16.95 (paper)

Richard J. Badham, Theories of Industrial Society, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp.188. $49.95 (cloth)

Derek Phillips, Toward a Just Social Order, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1986, pp.490. US$50.00 (cloth)

John Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? The Alternative to Electoral Politics, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985, pp.205. $39.95 (cloth).

Philip Green, Retrieving Democracy: In Search of Civic Equality, London, Methuen, 1985, pp.278. $53.95 (cloth)     

Book reviews

Australian Politics

Douglas Blackmur, Strikes: Causes, Conduct and Consequences (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1993) pp.232 $n.p. ISBN 1 86287 114 0.

W.D. Borrie, The European Peopling of Australasia (Canberra: Demographic Program, RSSS, Australian National University, 1994) pp.403 $24.50 ISBN 0 7315 1860 8.

Deborah Brennan, The Politics of Australian Child Care: From Philanthropy to Feminism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp.242 $29.95 ISBN 0 521 41792 9.

Peter Gathercole, T.H. Irving and Gregory Melleuish (eds), Childe and Australian Archaeology, Politics and Ideas (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1995) pp.241 $16.95 ISBN 0 7022 26130.

Gerard Henderson, Menzies’ Child: The Liberal Party of Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994) pp.382 $29.95 ISBN 1 86373 747 2.

Dean Jaensch, Election! How and why Australia votes (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1995) pp.155 $19.95 ISBN 1 86373 761 8.

John Murphy, Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993) pp.335 $19.95 ISBN 1 86373 49 X.

Bron Stevens and John Wanna (eds), The Goss Government: Promise and Performance of Labor in Queensland (Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1993) pp.292 $29.95 ISBN 0 7329 2622 X.

Beverley Symons (compiled with Andrew Wells and Stuart Macintyre), Communism in Australia: A Resource Bibliography (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1994) pp.281 $25.00 ISBN 0 642 10625 8.

W.A. Townsley, Tasmania: Microcosm of the Federation or Vassal State 1945–1983 (Hobart: St David's Park Publishing, 1994) pp.451 $n.p. ISBN 0 7246 2345 0.

Comparative and International Politics

David Baldwin (ed.), Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) pp.377 $US56.50 ISBN 0 231 08440 4.

Leon Brittan, Europe. The Europe We Need (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994) pp.248 $35.95 ISBN 0 261 00249 4.

Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994) pp.532 $US19.95 ISBN 1 55587 388 X.

Francis G. Castles (ed.), Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1993) pp.353 £37.50 ISBN 1 85521 345 1.

Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Civil War (Granta Books: London, 1994) pp.144 $14.95 ISBN 0 14 014094 8.

Gareth Evans and Bruce Grant, Australia's Foreign Relations: in the world of the 1990s (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2nd ed., 1995) pp.417 $34.95 ISBN 0 522 84657 2.

S. Henningham and R.J. May (eds), Resources, Development and Politics in the Pacific Islands (Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1992) pp.323 $24.95 ISBN 186333063 1.

Helen Hughes, Wolfgang Kasper and John Macleod, Australia's Asian Challenge (Sydney, The Centre for Independent Studies, CIS Policy Forums 12, 1994) pp.47 $7.95 ISBN 1 86432 000 1.

Fergal Keane, The Bondage of Fear: A Journey Through the Last White Empire (London: Viking, 1994) pp.242 £17.00 ISBN 0 670 85391 7.

Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order: The Global Politics of Deterrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp.196 £11.95 ISBN 0 521 46644 X.

Roy Licklider (ed.), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End (New York: New York University Press, 1993) pp.354 $US50.00 ISBN 0 8147 5070 2.

Andrew Maclntyre (ed.), Business and Government in Industrialising Asia (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994) pp.312 $29.95 ISBN 186373 556 9.

Michael McKinley, The Gulf War: Critical Perspectives (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994) pp.201 $24.95 ISBN 1 86373 606 9.

Robert F. Miller (ed.), The Development of Civil Society in Communist Systems (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1992) pp.197 $22.95 ISBN 1 86373 1717.

Kim Richard Nossal, Rain Dancing: Sanctions in Canadian and Australian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994) pp.323. $US21.95 ISBN 0 8020 7571 1.

Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995) pp.378 $US35 ISBN: 0 300 05963 9.

Dennis J.D. Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe (eds), Conflict Resolution, Theory and Practise: Integration and Application (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993) pp.298 $55.00 ISBN 0 7190 3748 4.

Jan Aart Scholte, International Relations of Social Change (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993) pp.186 $45.00 ISBN 0 335 09329 9.

Susan L. Shirk, How China Opened its Door: The Political Successes of the PRC's Foreign Trade and Investment Reforms (Washington DC: Brookings Institute, 1994) pp.120 $US28.95 ISBN 0 8157 7854 6.

Stephen John Stedman (ed.), South Africa: The Political Economy of Transition (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994) pp.213 $US38.00 ISBN 1 55587 421 5.

Lionel Cliffe et al, The Transition to Independence in Namibia (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994) pp.293 $US38.00 ISBN 1 55587 420 7.

Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms, 1950–1965. 2nd edn (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1993) pp.594 $US27.95 ISBN 1 56324 227 3.

Luke Trainor, British Imperialism and Australian Nationalism: manipulation, conflict and compromise in the late nineteenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp.213 $29.95 ISBN 0 521 43476 9.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, The State of the World's Refugees: The Challenge of Protection (London: Penguin, 1993) pp.191 $19.95 ISBN 0 14 023487.

Joyce N. Wiley, The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1992) pp.193 $US30.00 ISBN 1 55587 2727.

David W. Ziegler, War, Peace and International Politics, 6th ed. (London: Harper Collins, 1993) pp.458 $n.p. ISBN 0 673 52287 3.

Political Theory and Methodology

Stephen Eric Bronner, Of Critical Theory and Its Theorists (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994) pp.372 $45.00 ISBN 0 631 18738 3.

William James Booth, Patrick James and Hudson Meadwell (eds), Politics and Rationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) pp.307 $39.95 ISBN 0 521 43568 4.

Richard Sylvan and David Bennett, The Greening of Ethics: From Human Chauvinism to Deep‐Green Theory (Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press, 1994) pp.269 £11.95 ISBN 0 8165 1529 8.

Danilo Zolo, Democracy and Complexity: A Realist Approach. David McKie (trans.) (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992) pp.202 $39.95 ISBN 0 7456 0675 X.     

Book reviews

CHINA

BOB HODGE and KAM LOUIE. The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture: the Art of Reading Dragons. London: Routledge, 1998. A$150.00, hardcover; A$52.95, paper.

JAPAN, KOREA

LEWIS R. LANCASTER and RICHARD K. PAYNE (eds). Religion and Society in Contemporary Korea. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1997. 282 pp. Preface, index. $US20.00, paper.

DOH C. SHIN. Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. A$90.00, hardcover; A$34.95, paper.

GEIR HELGESEN. Democracy and Authority in Korea: the Cultural Dimension in Korean Politics. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998. £40.00, hardcover.

SOUTH, WEST & CENTRAL ASIA

J. E. LLEWELLYN. The Legacy of Women's Uplift in India. Contemporary Women Leaders in the Arya Samaj. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998. 224 pp. Rs325, hardcover.

SOUTHEAST ASIA

R. E. ELSON. The End of the Peasantry in Southeast Asia: a Social and Economic History of Peasant Livelihood, 1800‐1990s. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1997. xxvii, 335 pp. Tables, abbreviations, glossary, index. A$49.95, paper.

GENERAL ASIA

JAMES W. MORLEY (ed). Driven by Growth: political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Revised Edition. Armonk, New York; London, England: M. E. Sharpe, 1999. 393 pp. Preface, tables, figures, bibliography, index. US$24.95, paper.     

Government and the economy in Japan: the Japanese model of development

Craig Freedman (ed). Economic Reform in Japan: can the Japanese Change? Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, in association with the Centre for Japanese Economic Studies, Macquarie University, Australia, 2001. xii, 231 pp. A$55.00, hardcover.

Dengjian Jin. The Dynamics of Knowledge Regimes: technology, Culture and Competitiveness in the USA and Japan. London and New York: Continuum, 2001. xiv, 321 pp. £65.00/US$89.95, hardcover.

Yoshiro Miwa, Kiyohiko G. Nishimura and J. Mark Ramseyer (eds). Distribution in Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. x, 212 pp. £45.00, hardcover.

Makoto Ohtsu and Tomio Imanari. Inside Japanese Business: a Narrative History, 1960–2000. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. xxviii, 459 pp. US$29.95, paper.

Michael E. Porter, Hirotaka Takeuchi and Mariko Sakakibara. Can Japan Compete? Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000. xi, 208 pp. £19,99, hardcover.

Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura (eds). The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. xvii, 261 pp. £29.50, hardcover.

Malcolm Trevor, Japan: restless Competitor. The Pursuit of Economic Nationalism. Richmond: Curzon Press, 2001. xxv, 274 pp. £45.00, hardcover.     

Watermills: The Origin of the Use of Renewable Hydraulic Energy in Spain

The use of renewable hydraulic energy sources by mankind most likely has its origins in the development of the watermills. To understand the functioning of these mills, this article first reviews, through the analysis of different bibliographical sources, the technical evolution of the machinery used since the appearance of the first watermills to grind cereal grain in the 1st century bc.

Secondly, a particular area of the south-west of Spain, Alcalá de Guadaíra, has been selected for study, whose strategic location as well as its hydrological characteristics gave rise, firstly, to an intensive milling industry, and, later, a famed baking industry, from the late Middle Ages until recent decades. The huge development of these two industrial activities has made Alcalá de Guadaíra an exceptional example in Spain, with 40 watermills in the early 18th century.

Extensive work on site allowed the analysis of the state and types of watermills that still exist in this area, identifying their similarities and differences. Unfortunately, after they fell into disuse, only 28 of these mills remain today; 12 of them are in a relative good state of preservation, seven in an alarming state of ruin and, of the other nine, only some unrecognisable vestiges remain. Some of these mill buildings have been restored recently, although their machinery is missing. Only from old photographs or by visiting mills restored in other areas is it possible to determine how these watermills worked.

Due to the lack of financial resources to carry out physical restoration of the industrial heritage missing in these flour mills, a virtual model of one of them has been developed. This work provides, at least virtually, a reconstruction of the traditional mills which helps promote technological studies and shows how they worked, as part of virtual exhibitions. In addition, a computer application of augmented reality has been developed that any visitor can install on a mobile device to display the virtual reality of the machinery, generated by 3D models, so they can visualise the physical reality that they would have found in the mill.