浅议榆林市地域生态环境建设

榆林市位于我国东部季风气候区和西北干旱气候区的过渡带,毛乌素沙漠前缘,生态环境问题极其严重。因此,榆林市地域生态环境建设问题是榆林市规划与建设的最主要方面。本文借鉴国外城市生态环境研究的现状与实践,针对榆林地区生态环境的特点,对榆林市的地域生态环境建设提出理论框架,提出了榆林市地域生态环境系统建设设想,以期创建榆林市优美的地域生态环境。     

洛阳市双重空间尺度的生态城市建设

生态城市建设有两个基础平台,一是市区本身的"城市生态系统",二是市区周围一定区域范围内的"城市-区域生态系统"。生态城市建设必须在双重空间尺度上展开:在城市尺度上,优化城市生态系统,在城市-区域尺度上,优化城市-区域生态系统。洛阳在我国乃至世界城市中具有鲜明特色和典型意义,在双重空间尺度上开展生态城市建设,对洛阳市的城镇化进程和可持续发展有重要意义。     

临潼城市生态保护初探

历史城市一般都具有自然生态与传统文化同生共荣的特征。研究历史城市的生态保护,对于城市未来的良性发展,具有十分重要的意义。
陕西临潼骊山山色秀美,华清宫温泉载誉中外。城市因帝王行宫而发展,山、水、城独具特色,生态环境良好。在城市化快速发展过程中,临潼城区蔓延式扩张和内部空间的整合,对城市内部生态系统造成改变与破坏;景区在发展旅游过程中,面临生态环境质量下降的问题。本文立足于定性分析,通过对临潼城市生态问题分析,提出落实"景城分治"的基本策略,以及遗址区生态保护应当注意的问题。     

宁波市构建现代化生态城市战略思考

现代化城市建设对生态环境提出了新的要求,能否拥有一个良好的生态指标,将成为未来城市能否立足于世界的又一个重要标准。通过探讨生态城市概念及重要性分析,对宁波建设现代化生态城市所面临的制约因素进行了深入的定性和定量研究,并从宁波市实际出发,提出了建设生态城市的具体对策。     

内蒙古阿尔山森林资源枯竭型城市转型战略决策量化分析

本文通过对阿尔山市实际情况分析基础上,采用层次分析法(Analytical Hierarchy Process),通过建模、计算,对阿尔山市资源枯竭转型战略作了定量化分析,得出以下结论:在相当长的时期内,阿尔山追求生态效益应是第一位的,因此加强森林资源环境的保护与生态治理是首要战略目标,且加强森林养护与生态功能建设是第一重要的发展战略;当前亟待解决的首要发展问题是森林资源枯竭及生态环境恶化、林业系统体制矛盾及资金欠账严重,应采取的重要措施是依托国家政策尽快建立生态补偿机制及衰退产业援助机制,加快阿尔山林业企业的资产剥离重组,理顺政府与林业局关系,进而培育以"绿色"为主题的接续产业体系。     

包头市城市生态支持系统可持续发展的限制因子探讨

本文在了解包头市自然环境与社会经济状况的基础上,采用了静态与动态相结合的方法,运用层次分析法从支持水平、协调性、发展能力三个方面构建指标体系,建立研究模型,定性与定量相结合,对包头市的城市生态支持系统自1992年-2001年十年以来的发展轨迹进行了全面深入的研究分析与评价,得出包头市"城市生态支持系统支持水平较低"的结论,在此基础上提出了包头市城市生态支持系统的主要限制因子。目的在于通过对包头市城市生态支持系统的综合水平的分析与评价,正确认识城市发展中存在的问题,提高城市生态支持系统的结构、功能,提高限制因子容量,推动包头市城市生态支持系统的建设,促进城市健康发展。     

Lake Pedder's Loss and Failed Restoration: Ecological Politics Meets Liberal Democracy in Tasmania

The flooding of Lake Pedder in South West Tasmania for hydro-electricity in the early 1970s is recognised as one of the world's great ecological tragedies. The hope for its restoration, long held by some, has been given impetus by the activities of Pedder 2000, a nation-wide restoration lobby group founded in 1994. The legitimacy, feasibility and desirability of Pedder's restoration has been acknowledged, if not endorsed, by a recent federal inquiry. Restoration proponents see Pedder's recovery not only as a means of making amends for past follies, but as a new millennium project that offers hope to future generations. This paper reviews Pedder's inundation and the efforts towards its recovery, and finds little support for restoration in the absence of compelling economic and political benefit. This is cause to reflect, it is argued, upon the difficulties that ecological politics has encountered within Tasmania that saw Lake Pedder dammed in the first place.     

首府集中度和西部城市化模式探索

城市首位度是最早提出来对城市规模状况的指标描述,但随着经济的发展,处于第二位城市的人口数量的增加,首位度日益无法得力地描述城市体系的特征状况,更无法表述出地区人口在首府城市的集中程度,为此本文提出了城市首府集中度的概念,将首府集中度划分为不同的等级层次。对比中国与世界平均及中、俄间的首府度分布曲线,从而得出结论:中国大城市的发展潜力仍然很大,应进一步扩展和完善大城市。西部地区地广人稀,对比分析俄罗斯和西部的首府度状况,相应地提出西部开发模式。     

论我国城市开放空间系统的优化

城市开放空间系统优化是强化生态城市建设,进而推动城市可持续发展的重要途径。本文讨论了我国城市开放空间系统优化的重大意义,指出:城市的可持续发展强烈呼唤生态城市建设,而生态城市建设必须以城市开放空间系统的优化为支撑。解析了城市开放空间系统的空间形态结构和要素组成结构,阐明了开放空间系统的实用功能、生态功能、文化功能、景观功能和调控功能等,提出了城市开放空间系统优化的理论基础和应遵循的基本原则。在此基础上,着重论述了城市开放空间系统优化的基本对策和空间布局结构优化、圈层一体化优化、系统要素优化等主要工作内容。     

Site prioritization and the reproduction of inequity in the restoration of Biscayne Bay

The restoration of urban estuaries is challenging due to the complexity of prioritizing sites in a context of social and biophysical unevenness. Site prioritization and selection are crucial components of ecological success and equity in restoration. In many cases, site prioritization is conducted according to simple opportunity or political expediency, but this needs to be investigated further in local contexts, with accompanying analysis of the impacts on urban environmental equity. Using a critical physical geography framework, I explore site selection processes in the restoration of Biscayne Bay through case studies of two urban streams. I use multiple data types to present an integrated perspective on urban restoration priority and the social context that produces restoration siting decisions. I find that the logics of restoration site selection in the Biscayne Bay watershed have produced ecologically questionable decisions and inequitable outcomes. Therefore, I argue that restoration decision making needs to include environmental justice criteria.     

No Net Loss: Wetland Restoration and the Incomplete Capitalization of Nature

The practice of restoration ecology (the creation and restoration of ecosystems)has important implications for theorizing nature in the traditions of O'Connor's'capitalized nature,' Haraway's hybrid socionatures, and other recent work in poststructural approaches to political ecology. The prominent US environmental discourse of 'no net loss of wetlands' has spurred the rapid expansion of restoration practices, which promise to open a new frontier in the commodification and capitalization of nature. Through wetland mitigation and banking, restoration science is representing entire ecosystems as abstract, mobile, and fungible entities; however, a simple reading of a restored landscape as fully capitalized is unsatisfactory. Close attention to the wetland commodification process reveals two important points: 1) the commodification and capitalization of nature is never automatic; rather, the crucial steps of abstraction and valuation are composed of negotiations between and within differentiated segments of the state and civil society, in which there are many spaces for resistance; and 2) the materiality of restoration sites provided important challenges to the commodification process, which are not contemplated within critical approaches to nature as currently constituted. The transformation of restoration sites into sites of commodity provision is incomplete at best. A major challenge for poststructural political ecology will be to specify ecological phenomena and their important role in the social construction of material environments, without falling into an ontological commitment to the primacy of ecological data.     

Between Mumford And Marx: Anatomising Imperial San Francisco

The practice of restoration ecology (the creation and restoration of ecosystems) has important implications for theorizing nature in the traditions of O'Connor's 'capitalized nature,' Haraway's hybrid socionatures, and other recent work in poststructural approaches to political ecology. The prominent US environmental discourse of 'no net loss of wetlands' has spurred the rapid expansion of restoration practices, which promise to open a new frontier in the commodification and capitalization of nature. Through wetland mitigation and banking, restoration science is representing entire ecosystems as abstract, mobile, and fungible entities; however, a simple reading of a restored landscape as fully capitalized is unsatisfactory. Close attention to the wetland commodification process reveals two important points: 1) the commodification and capitalization of nature is never automatic; rather, the crucial steps of abstraction and valuation are composed of negotiations between and within differentiated segments of the state and civil society, in which there are many spaces for resistance; and 2) the materiality of restoration sites provided important challenges to the commodification process, which are not contemplated within critical approaches to nature as currently constituted. The transformation of restoration sites into sites of commodity provision is incomplete at best. A major challenge for poststructural political ecology will be to specify ecological phenomena and their important role in the social construction of material environments, without falling into an ontological commitment to the primacy of ecological data.     

基于生态文明的县域环境-经济-社会耦合脆弱性与协调性研究——以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市为例

选取2005-2015年齐齐哈尔市县域环境、经济和社会数据,构建包含三大子系统,9项要素,27个指标的县域环境-经济-社会系统评价体系,采用熵值法和耦合协调度模型,通过细分判别标准对其生态文明及内部三大子系统的协调性进行评价;采用脆弱性模型对2015年县域环境、经济与社会的脆弱性分级;运用ArcGIS对2015年生态文明指数和内部协调性可视化对比。结果表明：①齐齐哈尔多数县域生态文明质量逐年提升,但远未达良好水平;②县域环境、经济与社会失调发展年份居多,协调年份极少,社会滞后型成为影响协调发展的主要类型;③县域耦合脆弱性问题严峻,部分县域脆弱性出现两极分化;④县域生态文明建设与三大子系统耦合协调程度不匹配现象严重,协调度有待提升。     

Rivers of dreams: on the gulf between theoretical and practical aspects of an upland river restoration

This paper is concerned with development and application of a conceptual model of the river restoration process and, through a specific case study, a demonstration of the challenges that arise when combining ecological and geomorphological principles with social and economic issues. Thus, it demonstrates the difference between the ideal goals of river restoration and the practical determinants of the nature of a river restoration that derive from individual and community goals. It begins by exploring theoretically what a river restoration project might involve. It then introduces the options developed for restoration of a particular case study river and the associated decisionmaking process. As a result of strong community involvement, institutional and financial regulations, the location of the restoration site in a National Park, and the influence of governmental and non-governmental organizations, the actual decisionmaking process resulted in a practical river restoration that departed significantly from the idealized goals of a restoration defined in purely scientific terms. It is argued that these practical limitations are likely to remain the dominant influence upon the nature and scope of river restoration projects.     

城墙命运变迁与遗产保护思考

近五六十年来,人们对古城墙的态度发生了巨大的变化,与之密切相关的城墙命运也是如此,经历了一个从拆除到日渐重视保存、从趋于保护到热衷于修复和重建的历史过程。本文对这一过程及其重要人事进行了梳理,并分析了相关重要影响因素。同时,基于城墙命运巨大变化的历史考察,对快速城市化过程中的城市文化遗产保护进行了多方面的思考。     

读《唐宋开封生态环境研究》

程遂营述的《唐宋开封生态环境研究》,选取中国历史上具有典型意义的开封生态环境的变迁为研究对象,从气候、水、地形地貌、土壤、植被、城市建设与规划、城市公共环境等方面,探讨了唐宋时期开封的生态环境,得出初步结论：唐宋开封的整体生态环境基本处于良性循环状态,这种状态为唐宋开封的发展提供了十分有利的条件。本书选题新颖,拓宽了古都开封兴衰史的研究领域,是我国古都史和生态环境史研究的一部佳作。     

汉唐长安城与生态环境

汉唐两代考虑以长安城作为国都,是有其政治上和军事上的理由。汉唐长安城能够成为雄壮瑰丽的都城,不仅有名于当代,就在后世也受人称道,是因为它有良好的生态环境,供人利用。当时的人也确实善于利用这样良好的生态环境,使长安城能像锦上添花一样,得到充分的发展。应该说这是天时、地利再加上人和,取得的成就,是值得珍视的。     

城市住宅的生态区位探析

在评析传统的住宅经济区位论的基础上,文章提出了居住环境的生态价值对住宅区位的重要意义,进而从经济因素和环境因素两个角度提出了城市住宅的生态区位模型。并以上海市为例分析了环境生态价值对商品住宅价格的影响,以及对未来住宅区位的几点启示。     

The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman

The ‘Triple R’ approach on the restoration of dry stone walls, using recognizable, reversible and respectful constructive techniques is here illustrated. A set of restoration procedures are explained and applied to a UNESCO World Heritage site in Al-Baleed (Salalah, Sultanate of Oman) in the ‘Land of Frankincense’. The procedures were adapted in an innovative way to take into account the climate features of the Indian Ocean area (specifically, the effects of the monsoon season). All the restoration procedures aimed at conserving the site’s original architectural features by using only suitable stones and materials found on-site. Specific procedures have been adopted to consolidate walls, gates, foundations and sloping surfaces. Simple on-site mechanical tests and evaluation methods have been developed for a quick assessment of the safety level of the restored walls to ease future archaeological excavations. The application is related to a waterfront side of the ancient city built around the ninth century and added to over the next five centuries. These restoration procedures allowed for further archaeological excavations with new findings is here described.     

从统万城的兴废看人类活动对生态环境脆弱地区的影响

位于毛乌素沙地南缘的统万城建成于公元４１９年,废毁于公元９９４年。统万城的兴废,不单单是一个城市的历史问题,而是揭示了北方生态环境敏感带地区人地关系的变化过程。本文在前人工作基础之上,利用大比例尺航空遥感影像判读、历史文献分析和实地考察等多种手段,在复原统万城的城市形态的基础上,对建城初期的当地生态环境做了一些初步的复原工作,并探讨了统万城从修建到废毁期间人类活动对当地生态环境的影响过程。