江汉新石器时代文化系统族属考

江汉地区有独具特色的新石器时代文化系统,屈家岭文化和石家河文化乃是这一系统全盛时期的前后发展阶段,关于这一认识学术界未见多大异议。然而关于江汉新石器时代文化系统究竟应属古史传说中的哪一族却有不少争论。有的学者将江汉地区以“屈家岭文化为中心的原始文化”推测为“三苗文化”和“先楚文化”。但也有同志不以为然,认为把“三苗文化定在长江中游的新石器时代文化遗存中,根据薄弱,矛盾层出,缺乏说服力”。     

三苗来源考

学术界一般以屈家岭-石家河文化为研究三苗部落集团及文化来源的对象.有关三苗的来源,学术界一般有两种观点:一种观点认为三苗来自九黎,另一种观点则认为三苗原来就是居住在江汉平原的土著居民.通过对传世文献的考察,我们知道三苗的活动范围与屈家岭文化-石家河文化圈基本吻合.结合考古材料及人种资料,可以说九黎不是三苗的主源,它只是被黄帝打败后退居到三苗地区,并与之融合.三苗并非九黎之后.     

商代的楚蛮与西周初年的楚国

传说时代,江汉地区的古代居民为古三苗,三苗灭亡后,其遗裔在商周时代形成了楚蛮部族。商代楚蛮分布在以丹江库区为核心的鄂豫陕交界地区和汉东地区。西周初年,熊绎受封立国于楚蛮之地,汉东地区与楚国初封无关,则西周初年的楚国当在丹江地区,与丹淅说相合。     

论我国古代的氏族部落联盟

以氏族为基础的部落联盟,是原始社会的父系氏族制充分发展后的一种组织形式,也是绝大多数民族由原始社会过渡到阶级社会必经的历史阶段。但是,对我国古代部落联盟阶段的研究,却一直是历史学、社会学的薄弱环节。为此,本文欲以近年发现的考古资料和古代的文献记载为基础,对我国古代的部落联盟作一点粗浅的分析,以求教于诸位学者与方家。一、部落联盟及其有关的基本概念。在讨论部落联盟之前,有必要先弄清氏族、部落和部落联盟的基本概念。氏族,是原始社会结构中以共同血缘关系结合而成的亲属和血族团体。它既是原始     

试析拓跋鲜卑部落联盟

拓拔鲜卑部落联盟是以嘎仙洞系统鲜卑王族为核心形成的部落联盟政权,公元3世纪初到4世纪初,主要活动于阴山和河套一带。拓拔鲜卑部落联盟发展为拓跋代国,拓跋代国又是北魏建立的根基,但很少论及拓跋鲜卑部落联盟与拓跋代国的论文。本文略抒管见,希冀有助于对北魏前史的理解。     

部落联盟还是民族——对摩尔根和恩格斯有关论述的再思考

国内外学术界普遍认为 ,在摩尔根和恩格斯的著作中 ,部落联盟是原始社会所达到的最高组织形式 ,平等的原始社会通过部落联盟过渡到以阶级为基础的国家社会 ;部落联盟与军事民主制是一回事。本文的研究表明 ,这种已经形成为传统或者说经典的观点是不正确的 ;在摩尔根和恩格斯的理论中 ,原始社会的最高组织形式是民族而不是部落联盟 ,故而 ,人类社会是通过民族而不是通过部落联盟最后形成为国家的 ;部落联盟与军事民主制也并不完全是一回事。此外 ,国内外学术界广泛使用军事民主制或者部落联盟概念 ,来仅仅指称摩尔根和恩格斯的原始社会末期以及 (或者 )从这个时期向国家转变的过渡阶段 ,也是不适宜的。     

试析百济国家的社会性质

古代朝鲜半岛居住着许多部落群体,北部称朝鲜族,汉江以南称韩族。朝鲜族社会发展较快,公元前已进入阶级社会。韩族各部落集团发展缓慢,公元后开始建立自己的国家。韩族分马韩、辰韩和弁韩三大分支。据《后汉书》所云的韩族共七十八“国”(部落)。公元前1世纪,韩族诸部落逐渐向阶级社会过渡,并形成两个较大的部落联盟,半岛西南部联合为马韩部落联盟,东南部辰韩和弁韩发展为辰韩部落联盟。马韩部落联盟共有54个部落,“其总王称以辰王”。百济部落属马韩部落联盟成     

建议学点黑龙江历史(续一)

四、夫余国建立至明代在三大族系形成和发展的过程中,由于私有制的产生,黑龙江地区社会出现两极分化,原来的氏族社会解体,逐渐代之以由氏族组成的部落,并组成部落联盟.各部落联盟之间的联系增多,特别是和中原地区的频繁往来,接受中原地区的先进文化影响,一方面加速了本部落联盟的农业、畜牧业和手     

试论二里头晚期中原文化对江汉地区的扩张

本文通过对江汉地区二里头第三、四期遗存的分析,认为这一阶段中原文化对江汉地区的扩张存在不同的影响路线.汉水中、上游与江汉西部地区的文化面貌呈现出了典型的二里头文化的特征,反映出二里头文化经南阳盆地,沿汉水流域而下的进发路线.江汉东部地区以盘龙城遗址为代表,则体现出了与下七垣文化和南关外下层的密切联系,可能是中原文化通过...     

轩辕黄帝故乡问题考述

"黄帝"是一个经历了从氏族到部落再到部落联盟历程的称号,它所反映的是华夏先民于5000年前从母系氏族社会向父系氏族社会的重大转变。当黄帝部落中轩辕氏族首领被推选为部落首领后,方始有了"轩辕黄帝"称号。轩辕黄帝的诞生地是一处古代有神奇之"圭"(即天然土丘)的邽戎居地,即今甘肃省清水县旧县城东南70里之轩辕谷。轩辕黄帝部落曾活动于陇山东西地区,而他的冢则位于今甘肃省正宁县东部子午岭之西五顷原,据此其故乡必是今甘肃省天水、庆阳、平凉三市地区。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.