徽州人编纂的一部商业启蒙书--《日平常》抄本

《日平常》是一部徽州商业启蒙读物。该书可能最早作于清代,民国以后续增,30年代以后最终定稿。从中颇可窥见明清以来徽商的经营方式、商业道德以及徽州的商业文化。     

Medieval land remediation of a quarry site at Wallingford,Oxfordshire, revealed by microfossil analysis

Abstract

Backfill material from a 12th- to13th-century quarry, north of Wallingford, south Oxfordshire, comprises sandy loam overlain by Cretaceous (early Cenomanian; Mantelliceras mantelli Macrofaunal Biozone) Glauconitic Marl Member, of the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation as identified by its abundant, biostratigraphically useful, foraminifera and ostracods. A local outcrop source of the Glauconitic Marl Member, less than 1 km north of the quarry pit, is the likely provenance of this material, and a contemporaneous road, which was discovered adjacent to the medieval quarry by magnetometer surveys and archaeological excavation, would have aided its transportation, into the town via the North Gate. We hypothesise that the use of a calcareous marl to overlay sandy loam deposits probably encouraged land restoration when the quarried area was returned to pastoral agriculture.     

Fossil fruit identification by SEM investigations, a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Dmanisi site, Georgia

Archaeological excavations and multidisciplinary studies at the site of Dmanisi (Lesser Caucasus, Georgia) have provided an assemblage of lithic artefacts and numerous palaeontological and human remains in a volcano-sedimentary context dating to the early Lower Pleistocene. The sieving of archaeological sediments from Dmanisi also yielded mineralised botanical macro-remains that were analysed according to a particular protocol. The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed the comparison between fossil fruit remains and modern specimens, leading to a precise identification of the earlier. Seed remains recognised by this method belonging to several taxa from the Boraginaceae family as well as to the genus Celtis L., of the Ulmaceae family. The ecological requirements of these taxa suggest the presence of xeric conditions, a result that is in accordance with data obtained by faunal and stratigraphic studies.     

Accidentally killed by a cart: Workplace,hazard, and risk in late seventeenth century London

This article considers some of the interrelated characteristics of work, working environment and hazard, within the setting of the early modern city. Taking London as its example, some of the problems associated with the definition of work, and importantly work‐place, in the pre‐industrial economy are reviewed. Through an analysis of the frequency and patterns of sudden death in accidental and work‐related contexts, the range of hazards to which the inhabitants of London were exposed are described, and an assessment is made of the level of risk attached to certain occupational activities.