The May Fourth Movement as interpreted by the Chinese intelligentsia of the 1930s

Because of its intricate nature, the May Fourth Movement is bound to have been interpreted from a variety of angles with the passage of time. During the 1930s, the circle of Chinese intellectuals developed a diversity of interpretations that viewed the May Fourth Movement as, for example, a movement for personal liberty, an anti-feudal movement, a bourgeois cultural movement, or a movement of a quite complex character. In the meantime there also appeared the analogy of the May Fourth Movement to the Renaissance and Enlightenment. These interpretations – and analogies as well – actually imply the interpreters' own mentality and signify their own thinking. The concept of the May Fourth Movement conceived by one school of interpreters often changed with the actual needs of that school and hence turned out to be inconsistent. Nonetheless, the notions of the May Fourth Movement as fleshed out by different schools might also be seen to have something in common. Interpretations of this nature informed the essence of the May Fourth Movement and, to a further extent, displayed the trajectory and trend of history.     

珠江三角洲陆路运输网络效率测度及其演化

构建运输网络效率测度模型,对珠江三角洲27个县域单元1980年代以来运输网络效率的时空演化特征进行分析,结论表明:相较传统的通达性指标,网络效率指标在识别交通网络发展状况方面更有效;珠三角运输网络效率空间分异模式与通达性空间分异模式有较大差异,网络效率低值点和高值点同时存在于核心和外围地区;1988-2008年,随着珠三角陆路交通网络的发展,运输网络效率空间格局从原有的南北向\"走廊\"分布态势,转变为东西向面状均衡分布格局;运输网络效率水平大幅提升,网络效率平均值从4.42减少到1.41小时,变化率达到68.09%。各城市陆路运输网络效率与其城市发展关系表现为高度支撑型、基本支撑型、基本适应型及高度适应型四类。     

Indifference towards national identity: what young adults think about being English and British*

ABSTRACT. National identity should be sharply distinguished from nationalism. People speak by reference to a general and assumed membership of a country, and routine markers of behaviour and style may exhibit this sense of membership. This matter‐of‐fact acceptance of ‘national’ membership does not guarantee enthusiasm for the ‘nation’ and it cannot be taken as a signal of nationalism, banal or otherwise. While theoretical statements and assumptions often suggest that national identity is fundamental to individuals in contemporary societies, empirical investigation of people talking about national identity uncovers some broad strands of indifference and hostility towards national identity in general, and towards British and English identities in particular. This may reflect young adults' wish not to appear ‘nationalist’ just as many would wish not to appear racist. But the level of apathy and antagonism towards national identity among young adults suggests that we ought to reconsider any assumption that national identity is ‘normally’ a powerful and important marker, embraced with enthusiasm.     

The public relevance of the church and Catholicism in Italy

Abstract

This article highlights the particular situation of the Catholic religion in Italy which distinguishes itself for its systematic organization, active association-forming and cultural vitality, unrivalled in any other European country either Protestant or Catholic. On the one hand the church in Italy still disposes of such a wealth of clergy and religious figures, dioceses and parishes, educational and social institutions, ecclesiastical groups and associations, and so on, that it can maintain a diffuse presence scattered over the national territory; it deploys numerous forces and resources which form an integral part of normal social relationships that animate civil society. On the other hand, the church and Italian Catholicism today are particularly active at a cultural level, with their contribution of ideas and experience on vital questions arising in social coexistence (ranging from the family to bioethics, from religious freedom to the secular State, from national identity to the multiethnic presence, and so on).     

发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用

党的十七大报告明确指出：要全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针,发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用。这是积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应的新体现,不仅表明了党的宗教政策的连续性、稳定性,还赋予了宗教工作新的内涵,为我们全面客观地认识宗教、准确而科学地判定我国宗教发展的历史方位开辟了新的视域,其深刻的现实意义和深远的历史意义将会在实践中不断得以显现。     

一部规范清代社会成员行为的图谱——有关《皇朝礼器图式》的几个问题

《皇朝礼器图式》是乾隆帝钦命绘制的一部与清礼息息相关的器物图谱。本文通过对该图所绘器物的含义及乾隆礼制思想确立的梳理,分析了乾隆绘制《礼器图》的本意是在表达一种治国理念,以期用图谱的形式为社会各等级人士设立行为规范,从而达到上下有序、尊卑有别的治国目的。透过这些器物,我们可以看到以服饰为代表的满汉文化的融合,以军器为代表的中国开始落后于西方的历史,以仪器为代表的中西文化的冲突等等很多重要的清朝社会波澜。此图不但是我们今天认识200年前天文地理仪器、冠袍带履、车马轿舆、枪炮军械、民族乐器等文物的重要参考文献,也是我们了解18世纪中国社会变化的一份珍贵的形象资料。     

从玉器纹饰看良渚文化宗教信仰中的两类因素

良渚文化的玉器纹饰可分为两类因素和三个主题。两类因素,即以鸟纹为代表的自然崇拜因素和以神人兽面纹为代表的祖先崇拜因素,体现出两种主次不同的崇拜形式,在纹饰上它们表现为两种基本主题,同时它们又有机地结合在一起,形成一种更高层次的完整的崇拜主题形式。两类因素各自有着不同的源流。鸟祖崇拜在华东地区的新石器文化中具有悠久的传统,尤其在大汶口文化中得到充分发展,在良渚文化中仍有一定的表现。而以直系祖先崇拜为主要内涵的神权宗教,通过对氏族宗教的融合,在良渚文化中发展到极致,其以兽面纹为代表的宗教内涵和艺术传统对商周青铜文化有重大影响。     

五尺道即石牛道考

古往今来的学者都认为五尺道是秦始皇时期开凿的川南入滇道路。本文通过深入分析相关历史文献资料后指出,无论是五尺道的开凿时间还是道路宽度,都完全不能支持这样的说法;五尺道应为秦始皇之前110余年的秦惠文王时期由古蜀国人凿通的汉中入蜀道路,也就是汉以降所称的"石牛道"、"金牛道"。川、滇二省相关的考古发掘资料,也能为本文的观点提供有力的支持。本文结论可使西南古史研究中的某些谜题得到科学、合理的解释。     

樽奁考辨

文献中,樽与奁这两种器物常常被混淆。"奁"是主要用来存放与梳妆相关的器物,战国时为单层,汉代的时候出现双层奁同时流行多子奁。奁以圆形为主,带盖,常集彩绘、嵌扣、贴金银箔等多种工艺为一体。"樽"则为战国时期出现的日常实用酒器,分盆形和筒形两大类,胎骨多为铜胎或木胎,分为有盖和无盖,底下常有三足。