‘Martinique is ours,not theirs!’: framing conflicting identities during the 2009 protests

This article undertakes a close analysis of the general strike that occurred in the French department of Martinique in 2009, which brought most economic activities on the island to a standstill for 38 days. The movement was a privileged site for observing how the integration of Martinique into the French nation state was thwarted by the politics of departmentalisation. The protests created a liminal space that allowed protesters to contest the resilience of colonial discourses and to voice alternative identity narratives. This open space was an integrative space, and the ultimate rhetorical bond that unified the protesters in the performance of communitas. The discussion of this historical event presents an alternative reading to theoretical debates about the multifaceted relationships between nationalism and collective memories in postcolonial settings in general, and on the impacts of social movements in the reconstruction of national identities in particular.     

The racial politics of criminal jurisdiction in the aftermath of the Anglo-American ‘destroyers-for-bases’ deal, 1940–50

Monopolists and Freebooters by O.H.K. Spate. London and Canberra: Croom Helm, 1983, Pp.xxi + 426, 28 maps, 19 plates; £29.95.

John Hawkes worth: Eighteenth‐Century Man of Letters by John Lawrence Abbott. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983. Pp. xvii + 241, frontispiece; £16.90.

The Papers of William Penn. Volume 1:1644–1679 edited by Mary Maples Dunn and Richard S. Dunn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. Pp.xv + 703; $28.50.

Settlements, Trade and Politics in the 17th Century Gold Coast by Ray A. Kea. Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press, 1982. Pp.475; £23.50.

White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis by David W. Galenson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Pp.xii + 291; £22.50.

Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies edited by J.E. Inikori. London: Hutchinson University Library for Africa, 1982. Pp.349, bibliography, index, maps and tables; £12.95 (cased), £5.95 (paper).

Tide of Empires: Decisive Naval Campaigns in the Rise of the West. Volume II, 1654–1763 by Peter Padfield. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982. Pp.ix + 270, maps and illus.; £12.50.

A Great and Necessary Measure: George Grenville and the Genesis of the Stamp Act 1763–1765 by John L. Bullion. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1982. Pp.xv + 317; £18.

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution 1763–1789 by Robert Middle‐kauff. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp.xvi + 696, maps and portraits; £15.

Liberty and Empire: British Radical Solutions to the American Problem 1774–1776 by Robert E. Toohey. London: University of Kentucky Press, 1978. Pp.xiv + 210; £12.

Evangelicals United: Ecumenical Stirrings in Pre‐Victorian Britain, 1795–1830 by Roger H. Martin. Studies in Evangelicalism, No. 4. Metuchen, New Jersey and London: The Scarecrow Press, 1983. Pp. ix + 230. NP.

Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies by Michael Craton. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982. Pp. 389, maps and illus.; £25.

Readings in Caribbean History and Economics: An Introduction to the Region edited by R. M. Delson. New York: Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., 1981. Pp.xxi + 336; $35.

Tubbo: ‘The Great Peter's Run’ by Paul de Serville. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp.256; £19.50.

The Precious Gift (Tuhfat al‐Nafis) by Raja Ali Haji Ibn Ahmad; translated and annotated by Virginia Matheson and Barbara Watson Andaya. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp.xix + 476, maps and illus.; £29.50.

A Collection of Treaties and Other Documents Affecting the States of Malaysia 1761–1963 edited by J. de V. Allen, A. J. Stockwell and L. R. Wright. London, Rome, New York: Oceana Publications Inc., 1981.2 vols. Pp. xviii + 504, 683; $85.

Young Logan Campbell by R.C.J. Stone. Oxford University Press/Auckland University Press, 1983. Pp.287, illus.; £18.

Jack in Port: Sailortowns of Eastern Canada by Judith Fingard. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982. Pp.ix + 292, illus.; £9.25

City of Blood Revisited: A New Look at the Benin Expedition of 1897 by Robert Home. London: Rex Collings, 1982. Pp.xv + 141, maps and illus.; £8.75.

British Imperialism and African Response: The Niger Valley, 1851–1905 by A. D. Nzemeke. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1982. Pp.379, maps and tables; DM 58.

John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman by Phyllis Lewsen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982. Pp.xii + 431, maps and illus.; £31.

Black People and the South African War 1899–1902 by Peter Warwick. African Studies Series No. 40, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pp.256; £25.

British Economists and the Empire by John Cunningham Wood. London: Croom Helm, 1983. Pp.299; £15.95.

Social Engineering in the Philippines; The Aims, Execution and Impact of American Colonial Policy, 1900–1913 by Glenn Anthony May. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980. Pp.xxvii + 268, photographs; £16.95.

European Colonial Rule, 1880–1940: The Impact of the West on India, Southeast Asia, and Africa by Rudolf von Albertini with Albert Wirz; translated by John G. Williamson. Oxford: Clio Press, 1982. Pp.ix + 581, maps and tables; £27.50.

WITS. The Early Years: A History of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and Its Precursors 1896–1939 by Bruce K. Murray. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1982. Pp.xvii + 389, photographs; R 10,00.

Verwaltung in einem afrikanischen Bauernstaat: das koloniale Französisch‐Westafrika 1919–1939 by Gerd Spittler. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1981. Pp.208, maps; DM38 (paper).

Peasant Movements in Colonial India: North Bihar 1917–1942 by Stephen Henningham. Australian National University Monographs on South Asia No. 9. Canberra: The Australian National University, 1982. Pp.xvi + 286; NP.

Peasant Movements in India 1920–1950 by D. N. Dhanagare. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983. Pp.xiii + 254, 6 maps; £12.

Readings in the Constitutional History of India 1757–1947 edited by S. V. Desika Char. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp.xcii + 789; £29.

The Transfer of Power 1942–7 (Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India) edited by Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon. Vol. XI: The Mount‐batten Viceroyalty: Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan; Vol. XII: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty: Princes, Partition and Independence. London: HMSO, 1982–3. Pp.cxxiv + 1021; cvxi + 851, maps and illus.; £70 each.

The Commonwealth Experience. Vol. I: The Durham Report to the Anglo‐Irish Treaty. Vol. II: From British to Multi‐racial Commonwealth by Nicholas Mansergh: Revised edition. London and Toronto: Macmillan and University of Toronto Press, 1982. Pp.xii + 275 and 299; £35 (cased); also available in paperback.

European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries by Woodruff D. Smith. Chicago: Nelson‐Hall, 1982. Pp.ix + 273; $20.95 (cased), $10.95 (paper).

Prime Ministers and Diplomats: The Making of Australian Foreign Policy, 1901–1949 by P.G. Edwards. Melbourne: Oxford University Press in association with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1983. Pp.240; $24.99.

Asia: The Winning of Independence edited by Robin Jeffrey. London: Macmillan, 1981. Pp.xv + 337, maps and illus.; £15 (cased), £5.95 (paper).

Sir Charles Arden‐Clarke by David Rooney. Rex Collings, London, 1982. Pp.222, maps and photos; £12.50.

The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire by John Gallagher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Pp.xxvii + 211; £16.

Britain, Europe and the World 1850–1982: Delusions of Grandeur by Bernard Porter. London: Allen and Unwin, 1983. Pp.xv + 173; £10.

Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism by Robert Bothwell, Ian Drummond and John English. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 1981. Pp.xii + 489, illus.; £12.     

Migration and the built environment: a spatial analysis of resettlement in Çeşme,Turkey

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the retreat of the Ottoman Empire caused a massive scale migration in the Aegean regions. This process was furthered by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) between the Turkish Republic and Greece. Gradually, more than one million people were formally exchanged under the control of the respective national authorities. This study shows that the predictions made by political authorities regarding the expected adaptation and homogenization based on religious affiliations failed to materialize; instead, the process of migration generated its own unique and autonomous processes derived primarily from cultural aspects and social origins. This research examines the materialization of the migrants’ adaptation practices and the spatial transformations in the built environment at both urban and domestic level, in order to indentify spatial and related social conflicts that arose as a result of socio-cultural mixing through a case study of the Çe?me Peninsula, Turkey. The study concludes that the relationship between social space and the physical environment is intertwined, with spatial transformations based on residents’ home of origin, professions and economic prosperity positioned in a clearly defined hierarchy of meaning.     

‘We are the boys from the Black Country’! (Re)Imagining local,regional and spectator identities through fandom at Walsall Football Club

The Black Country, a region that is only loosely defined geographically, is an area located in the West Midlands of England, which its inhabitants claim holds a distinct geographical and cultural personality. However, despite the territory's perceived uniqueness, popular imaginations of England have often overlooked the Black Country's historical and socio-cultural individuality. Therefore, given those working in a number of disciplines have recognised local football spectator communities to be significant cultural arenas, through which localism is performed and remade, this article explores the role of fandom in imagining, preserving and/or contesting notions of ‘Black Countryness’. Utilising semi-structured interviews, netnography and participant observation, as key methodological techniques, this study explores how local-spectator communities at Walsall Football Club (one of three professional football teams based in the Black Country) continually (re)negotiate a collective sense of local and regional identity. By adopting a critical approach, guided by Hall's notion of ‘cultural identity’, this research, in line with other similar studies, highlights the significant role football fandom plays in imbuing particular locales with meaning. However, more importantly, by understanding football fandom is emergent from complex, productive and interconnected cultural processes, this article is also critical of local football spectator communities and their exclusionary, as well as inclusionary, practices and customs.     

'As solid as the Rock'? Place, belonging and the local appropriation of imperial discourse in Gibraltar

Although imperialism is firmly on the geographical agenda at present, rarely does the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar feature, even though it is the only remaining formal colony in Europe. Seized in 1704, Gibraltar has come to stand as a symbol of British imperial resilience, a status encapsulated by the phrase 'as solid as the Rock'. The paper explores how such a place-based imperial discourse has served to marginalize the civilian population and yet, paradoxically, has been appropriated locally to articulate a distinctive sense of belonging. More generally, the paper considers how a surviving colony such as Gibraltar, with its apparently loyal population, complicates postcolonial categories, periodizations and assumptions.     

Yeats,Samhain, and the aesthetics of cultural nationalism: ‘a supreme moment in the life of a nation’

Together, in the plays and essays published in the 1903 issue of Samhain, William Butler Yeats assembled writings that endorse his vision of cultural nationalism in that they stress the possibilities of an artistic regeneration that that has the power to reconcile perceived exclusive strata within Irish society and also to herald a new age not only for Irish culture but for the Irish nation. Yeats, in his cultural nationalism, ultimately vested faith in an Ascendancy tradition, defined not by birth as much as by a willingness to surrender not just political ambitions but all ambition to that of the artist.     

The politics of the Shanghai courts: the state,local elites,and social networks in Nationalist China, 1927–1937

This article explores the ways in which the Nationalist Party established dominance over the Shanghai courts in the foreign concession area to use them as weapons against political dissidents, and it analyzes the intricate relations among the Nationalist Party, local elites, and the Shanghai courts during the Nanjing decade (1927–1937). Building on recent studies that pay attention to the limited success of the Nationalist Party’s policy of putting the judiciary under Party control, this study demonstrates that the process of establishing the Nationalist Party’s dominance over the Shanghai courts was highly contested. The interplay between the Nationalist Party’s effort to gain control over the Shanghai courts by building formal and informal institutions and the local elites’ appropriation of their own social networks rendered the Shanghai courts vulnerable not only to the Party’s intervention, but also to the influence of social forces. I argue that due to the weak authority of the Shanghai courts, the Nationalist Party’s use of law against political foes could be a double-edged sword.     

A local response to a wider situation: the archaeology of the clan stronghold of Dùn Èistean,Isle of Lewis

Abstract

Dùn Èistean stands at the end of a long tradition of clan strongholds seen in the MacLeod lordship of the western seaboard of north-west Scotland in the medieval and early post-medieval periods. Excavations on the site have shown that it was in repeated use for refuge in times of trouble in the 16th and early 17th centuries, acting as a power centre caught up in the wider political scene. The inhabitants of Dùn Èistean were a people with a strong local identity, using their traditional building techniques, adapting to available raw materials and drawing on the resources of the surrounding environment to support and defend the inhabitants in the face of incoming attack.     

The Sandinista revolution and the limits of the Cold War in Latin America: the dilemma of non-intervention during the Nicaraguan crisis, 1977–78

This paper seeks to understand the construction of a broad alliance between the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), a socialist inspired guerrilla group, and various Latin American liberal and authoritarian governments, mainly Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba, between 1977 and 1979. I will seek to understand the construction of this unusual partnership, as well as the deep conflicts and mistrust that existed between the parties during the revolutionary upheaval in Nicaragua. This process will be examined by analysing the way Cold War politics and Latin American regional tensions shaped the events leading to the Sandinista revolution.     

The Emergence of Kwahe’e Black-on-white pottery in the Tewa Basin,New Mexico

Despite the importance of ceramic typologies for defining archaeological cultures and making chronological inferences, the ceramic types comprising these typologies are not always well dated. Here, we present an analysis of radiocarbon dates generated from Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of corn remains found in association with Kwahe’e Black-on-white (Kwahe’e B/w) ceramics from the Tewa Basin of the Northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico in the American Southwest. This autochthonous ceramic type is the first in a cohesive lineage of decorated white wares known as the Rio Grande ceramic series. A Bayesian analysis of these dates yielded a 95% probability range of a.d. 975–1023 for the beginning temporal boundary marking the emergence of Kwahe’e B/w. This estimate for the chronological emergence of Kwahe’e B/w is at least 27 years earlier than previously demonstrated and appears to coincide with the initial population increase in the Tewa Basin during the Late Developmental period (a.d. 900–1200), and with the emergence of the Tewa language that is still spoken in the region.     

Railways as a Factor of Change in the Distribution of Population in Spain, 1900–1970

Abstract

The central focus of this work is to test a new methodology to measure the impact of the railway on the distribution of population, in this case in Spain. To achieve this, it was necessary to previously integrate data relating to population and railway lines into a geographical information system. The result was a spatial database that includes population data from homogeneous census series obtained for the municipal scale and the evolution of the railway network in service at corresponding points in time. This allowed the authors to apply spatial-temporal analysis. By so doing, this work constitutes an analysis of a new methodology, as they used exploratory spatial data analysis and geographically weighted regression to detect spatial patterns and estimate the influence of the railway and distance from the coast on population change. The results obtained show that the influence of the railway was very pronounced in some areas, while in others it was just one of the factors that could explain major changes in population distribution.     

Wandering identities in energy transition discourses: Political leaders’ use of the “we” pronoun in Ontario, 2009–2019

This paper explores the use of universalizing language as a discursive strategy to promote shifts in energy policy. Building on scholarship that seeks to understand the political nature of energy transitions, including resistance to transitions, the role of the state, and implications for justice, we examine three phases of energy transition in Ontario in the period 2009–2019, focusing on the ways that three successive ruling coalitions used the first plural pronoun “we” to promote contrasting energy policy orientations. Our analysis of policy documents and government news releases confirms that all three coalitions used the “we” form as a strategic device to define priorities, prescribe courses of action, and broadcast achievements. However, they also used the ambiguity of the “we” form to obscure alternative perspectives, claim credit for rivals’ accomplishments, and gloss over harmful and differentiated impacts of policy choices. The paper concludes by reflecting on broader questions about power and justice relevant to energy transition scholars.     

Aroche (Huelva,Andalucía): a new Neolithic axehead of Alpine jade in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula

The discovery of a Neolithic Alpine jade axehead in Aroche, in the southwest of Spain, revives the question of long-distance exchange between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. This polished blade belongs to a typological model quite characteristic of Alpine production during the second half of the 5th millennium B.C. Different mineralogical approaches (macroscopic features examination, specific gravity, direct XRD, non-destructive μXRF spectroscopy, optical stereomicroscopy, magnetic susceptibility determination and microprobe analysis) have identified the rock as an omphacitic jadeitite (mixed jade) with some tiny garnets and a weak retromorphosis. This analysis and the comparison of the rock structure with the referential JADE of Alpine natural jade samples, as well as the extraction modalities and shaping of the axe, provide strong arguments to assign the Aroche axe to a production of Mont Viso: the origin of thousands of axes that circulated in Europe between Ireland and Sicily. The Aroche axe, discovered not far from the variscite mines of Encinasola, could be considered as part of a possible exchange system between the Iberian Peninsula and the Gulf of Morbihan, in Brittany.     

Mystical theology,ecumenism and church-state relations: Francesco Bellisomi (1663–1741) at the limits of confessionalism in early eighteenth-century Europe

ABSTRACT

This article reconstructs the biography of a little-known Italian priest, Francesco Bellisomi (1663–1741), in order to trace the intellectual and political dimensions of religious reformism in early eighteenth-century Europe. Its primary objective is to demonstrate the causal relationships between three trends: firstly, pietistic spiritual reform influenced by mystical theology; secondly, ecumenical dialogue among Protestants and between Protestants, Catholics and Orthodox Christians; and thirdly, the political articulation of the non-confessional state. By following a persecuted Bellisomi from Pavia to Rome, and then on to Venice, Vienna, Halle, Berlin and London, it depicts the strands connecting the political, intellectual and religious environment on the Italian Peninsula, within the Holy Roman Empire and in the British Isles. From the latter seventeenth century, the equation of confessionalism – the alliance of a confessionalising church and a centralising state – was being undermined across Europe. One factor in this process was enthusiasm for a supra-confessional ecclesia universalis, the nature of which was highly contested. Bellisomi’s life offers a unique window onto this networked and inter-confessional intellectual culture.