走出中国美国史研究的困境——以中国的美国革命史叙述为例

由于中国的美国史研究存在着一种厚今薄古的倾向,中国的美国革命史研究长期以来一直是中国美国史研究的薄弱环节.在中国,关于美国革命历史的研究文章数量十分有限,专著更是寥寥无几.即便是在这些有限的叙述中,还存在着不少令人遗憾的问题.这些问题到目前为止并没有得到学术上的反思和讨论,它们仍然在不同程度地制约着当下的中国美国史研究.本文试图以对这个领域中所存在的几个具体问题的观察和思考,提出一点个人的看法,以期引起学界同人的讨论和批评.     

摩洛哥彩色的童话

在非洲大陆的西北角,有这么一个奇妙国度,她四面“环海”:东南背靠撒哈拉大沙海,西临浩浩大西洋,北依地中海直布罗陀.她七彩缤纷,眩目多姿:从马拉喀什雕梁画栋的千姿百态到古城菲斯的天方夜谭,从卡萨布兰卡大清真寺的万般惊艳到梅克内斯的惊喜满途,从撒哈拉沙漠的漫漫黄沙到直布罗陀的天涯海角,更有舍夫沙万的梦幻蓝彩和艾西拉艺术小清新.毫不夸张的说,其万千姿彩绝对超出一般人的想象.     

蔚蓝大海的召唤

碧海蓝天、椰林环绕、洁白沙滩、海风习习、浩瀚星空、浪声阵阵……这些耳熟能详的大海代名词给了大家无限的向往.事实上,大海的美很难用笔墨形容,那片无限的湛蓝总是给人无尽的想象.转瞬间,我们已经步入艳阳高照的盛夏,你也许已经开始了自己的度假规划,可是没有大海的夏天显然是不完整的,面对这片蔚蓝,吹着温柔的海风,怎能不心生向往?而对于海边旅行而言,选对岛屿和酒店就成功了80％,所以美轮美奂的风景和酒店的品质直接决定了旅行的成功与否.     

铁路之上看南亚

每个去斯里兰卡的游客都渴望去乘坐一回海边火车或者山地火车,去体验一回曾经的古老的殖民地风情;孟加拉的火车,吸引了全球各地的摄影爱好者前来拍摄;相比较而言,尼泊尔境内的“国际列车”,则鲜有人知了.这三国几乎可以代表整个南亚的火车特色和状况,它不仅是当地人的交通工具,还是游客体验当地风土人情的人文景观,我在乘坐之中,经常可以碰到一些非常有意思的人和事.     

翡冷翠 百花深处的托斯卡那

来到翡冷翠的那天,是个典型的托斯卡那的天气:蓝天白云、阳光明媚。很早就听说了托斯卡那,真正对她着迷,是在看了贝托鲁奇的《盗美人》和安东尼奥尼的《云上的日子》之后。比比皆是的艺术品、大理石的建筑和著名的雕塑、色彩鲜艳的墙壁、深绿色的百页窗、深红的屋顶、田野上长身玉立的柏树、街道两边古老的店铺、马车的铃声叮叮响在耳旁……一切又把我带回了那部萦绕心头已久的电影里!     

这个世界巧夺天工

矗立于中亚的帕米尔高原,与东南的青藏高原连为一体,构成平均海拔4000米以上的高亚洲.在帕米尔周围延伸出五大山系:东北的天山山脉,东南的昆仑山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉,西南的兴都库什山脉,地理学家称之为帕米尔山结. 帕米尔高原具有一些矛盾的特性,她既偏远又中心,既是险阻又是通衢,对于中国人来说,她是辽阔国境最西部的一个高原;然而,纯粹从地理的角度看,她位于欧亚大陆的中心偏南,恰似心脏般强壮和耀眼,将亚洲大陆分割成东亚、南亚、西亚和北亚几个独立的地区,画地作狱,天各一方;同时,她又提供了一条条隐秘而坚韧的通道,让各地声气相通,是引人瞩目的交通枢纽.     

佩奇 昔日辉煌重现

正佩奇(Pecs)是匈牙利中南部的重镇,也被旅行者认为是匈牙利最具吸引力的城市之一,我们被它两千多年的历史吸引而来,也是为这里的世界文化遗产而来。匈牙利的地域并不算辽阔,从北部的布达佩斯开车到中南部的佩奇不过200公里的距离,再往南100公里就出了国境线了。一路上大部分地区是高速,穿行在成片的农田之中。佩奇的历史城区被成片地保护下来,并且划为步行区,我们订了老城区里面的酒店,把     

爱上四季 让旅途升温的好酒店

在一首古老的马尔代夫民谣中曾这样唱道: “在辽阔的印度洋地平线上生长着绿色的棕榈,这是我的故乡,这是马尔代夫;在清澈的蓝色海洋上,我们像珍珠般生长,这是我的故乡,这是马尔代夫.” 在这里不仅有着蔚蓝色的海洋、青绿色的礁石、白色的海滩和茂密的棕榈树,长久以来这里的人们过着田园牧歌式的生活.无论你来过多少次马尔代夫,或者是第一次来到这里,如果想留下一个美好的印象,那么入住马尔代夫的大、小四季酒店真的是一个再好不过的选择.这是联排别墅掩映下的一处私密隐逸圣地,踏上小岛那一刻,就犹如走进了天堂般的后花园,一切似乎都显得如此简单、自然.     

大理诗意村庄

一路向西去大理 夜空忽然下起了绵密的小雨,石板路上泛着喜悦的光,街旁的每一个门窗都像各具风情的小戏台,演员们或已上场,或在幕后等待.他们在喝酒、谈情、看书、购物、唱歌……四周充满了自由和安宁的气息.今夜,我的耳畔响起许巍的《温暖》:我坐在我的房间,翻看着你的相片,又让我想到了大理……     

观鸟无小事之“老鸟”被训记

正奇特的语言和文字,从印度洋吹来的温润的风,未知而又丰富的生物,召唤着我,踏进了那滴在印度洋上的泪珠——斯里兰卡。虽然语言文字不同,迎接着不同大洋吹来的风,但是我坚信,对于爱鸟,任何地方的观鸟人都会没有异议地表示赞同。因为只有它们,才能为我们的大自然点缀上最靓丽的一朵会跳跃、会飞翔的花朵。至于我印象最深刻的关于爱鸟的一件事,曾以为,小朋友对爱护鸟类这种事情是还没有概念的,但是我经过这件事之后,发现我错了,这件事在平常人眼中看是一件小事,而在我看来,它的     

由《出师颂》引发出的关于中国书画鉴定的思考

本文从故宫最新购藏的隋人《出师颂》入手,探讨了由其引发的对古书画鉴定诸问题。对于象《出师颂》这样未署名款的作品,不是简单的“真”“伪”所能概括的。关键在于时代的判断,即对作品所体现出的风格特点的判定。而作品的价值亦不在真本、摹本,更在于其所负载的文化内涵。     

The Crofter and the Iron Works: The Material Culture of Structural Crisis, Identity and Making a Living on the Edge

The iron and steel industry has been of the greatest importance to the Swedish economy since medieval times. During the seventeenth century a large number of new iron works were erected in the Värmland region of western Sweden. The iron works brought an urban and industrial culture into an otherwise rural area. They were also of great importance to the local economies, as a number of people could earn their living, or part of their living, by working at the iron works or in other forms of associated employment. In the late nineteenth century a serious structural crisis hit the Swedish iron industry, causing many iron works to close. However, the actual effects, in the form of unemployment and increased poverty, appear, for hitherto unknown reasons, to have been minimal. In this article the household of a crofter family with close links with an iron works at the time of the structural crisis is investigated. Aspects of the crofter’s material culture, identity and consumption pattern are studied, and it is found that although the household shared in an urban and industrial identity, its economic basis was in the rural tradition of a mixed economy, combining wage employment and land-based elements. The mixed economy stands out as one reason why the structural crisis did not have as dramatic an effect as might have been expected.     

明清传教士对《山海经》的解读

晚明前清时期在华耶稣会士作品中有关《山海经》的零星内容反映出这些欧洲传教士与时代变局相关的心态变化。从16世纪到18世纪,欧洲的地理类作品随着其世界观念的更新而从传说与实证并存向实证性内容居主导转变,礼仪之争使在华传教士对中国文化的态度从针对中国人的迎合向针对欧洲人的特别宣传转变。受这两种变化驱使,传教士看待《山海经》时从认可和吸收变为轻蔑与排斥。     

Impact of Cliff and Ord on the Housing and Real Estate Literature

The works of Cliff and Ord have had a major impact on empirical practices in real estate. Cliff and Ord proposed both techniques for detecting as well as modeling spatial dependence. Because the existence of spatial dependence is almost assured in real estate data, their most important contribution was feasible means of estimating spatial models. The full implications of these ideas and the numerous modeling techniques spawned by their seminal works have not been fully explored and provide numerous opportunities for future research.     

The bishop and the monk: Desiderius of Vienne and the Columbanian movement

This paper analyses the uses made by hagiographers and chroniclers of the character of Desiderius of Vienne. Desiderius, a bishop in Merovingian Burgundy, was the protagonist of two seventh‐century Lives, and appears in numerous other hagiographical works and chronicles. Desiderius also figures prominently in works composed within the context of Columbanian monasticism, most notably Jonas of Bobbio's Vita Columbani. His appearance in these works paints a multifaceted picture not only of his own political activities, but also of the agendas of the hagiographers themselves, who exploited his literary image to further their ends. It is the contention of this paper that despite the frequent mentions of Desiderius in Columbanian compositions, he did not, in fact, play a part in the Columbanians' success.     

两种不同的学术史范式——梁启超、钱穆《中国近三百年学术史》之比较

梁启超和钱穆同名的《中国近三百年学术史》,代表着两种不同的学术史范式,在体例渊源、写作宗旨等方面都有很大的不同。本结合它们成书的时代背景,揭示近代学风的嬗变对两书的影响,深入探讨造成它们差异的原因,并以这两种学术史的写法为视角,附论近代学风的内在转型问题。     

How should we analyse the patriotism of the populist Left: A response to Josep Lobera and Juan Roch

In a recent article in this journal, Josep Lobera and Juan Roch formulate a thoughtful critique of scholarly works on the nationalist dimension of left-wing populist discourses, and, in their analysis on Podemos, they engage especially with my works on the subject. They argue that not only do Podemos supporters express lower levels of national identification than the rest of the Spanish population, but also that, coherently with its electorate, Podemos avoids talking about issues related to Spanish identity and exhibits a non-nationalist or even anti nationalist narrative. Contrarily, in my studies I found that Podemos has made extensive use of nationalist rhetoric. In this article I briefly respond to their critique, further clarifying the findings of my works and explaining why they do not match with the findings of Lobera and Roch. More broadly, I see this response as a chance to contribute to the further development of the recent and vibrant scholarly debate on the Left and its relation to nationalism.     

Sword,Priest and Conversion: On Religion and Apostasy in South Slav Literature in the Period of National Revival

Abstract

This article examines the works of four writers of Croatian, Slovene, Serbian and Bosniak literature in the period of National Revival, in their literary, historical and discursive contexts: Pre?ern’s Krst pri Savici, Ma?urani?’s Smrt Smail-age ?engi?a, Njego?’s Gorski vijenac and Ba?agi?’s Abdullah Pa?a. Three of the four authors were also statesmen, and all four are considered canonical national writers. There is a striking similarity between their otherwise different works, resulting from speeches by priests who either demand and justify conversion, or vehemently oppose it and call for vengeance. In all four works, the enemy is not a foreign conqueror, but an apostate who sides with the conqueror by accepting his faith. Although in all four works the values of the epic and heroic world are pronounced dead, epic action — a ’sword’ — is still very much alive. Though the central act of conversion is accompanied by religious symbolism which gives rise to the impression of a clash of religions, in all four works conversion does not have a religious meaning, it is purely political.     

同治、光绪朝如意馆

本文以《内务府造办处各作成做活计清档》为基本文献,以故宫博物院所藏同治、光绪两朝内廷画士的奉旨之作为重要参照,探讨了晚清宫廷绘画机构——如意馆的诸项制度(入值画家的选拔与考核、奖惩与等级、画作的审查与作品格式等),并论述了如意馆绘画的主要功用(纪实、装饰和案头观赏)及其各自不同的绘画风格。     

浅谈古籍伪书的编撰意图及其价值挖掘

本文较细致地探讨了古籍伪书编撰产生的六类主要意图,并由此展开对不同伪书存在价值的挖掘点思考。