建构清代法律新的解释体系——评《清代的法律、社会与文化:民法的表达与实践》

<正>一、黄宗智与中国法律社会史研究20世纪80年代,黄宗智先生开始进入中国法律史研究领域。在一次讲座中他曾说起:"从1988年开始,我把全部精力投入到法律史研究,转眼已经二十年了。"[1]在这二十年里,黄先生在中国法律史领域做出了卓著的成就,主要著作有《清代的法律、社会、与文化:民法的表达与实践》、《法典、习俗、与司法实践:清代与民国的比较》、《过去和现在:中国民事法律实践的探索》、论文集《经验与理论:中国社会、经济与法律的实践历史研究》,以及不胜枚举的相     

《法律与书商：商业出版与清代法律知识的传播》评介

<正>近年来，黄宗智等学者通过对清代法律表达与实践领域的研究极大地改变了我们对清朝国家与社会关系的理解。美国历史学者张婷新近出版的《法律与书商：商业出版与清代法律知识的传播》(张田田译，社会科学文献出版社，2022年)将清代法律的制度史与清代晚期兴盛的出版史两条研究线索贯穿于清代法律实践的研究，呈现出清代官民如何获取相对准确的法律知识、法律知识商业化如何改变法律信息的传播方式，以及法律知识又是如何有力地影响人们抉择与行动的社会实态。     

清代知县剿匪面面观——以广东三知县剿匪故事为中心

本文以清代广东三位知县的剿匪故事为中心,揭示了清代基层社会"匪"、"绅"、"官"的关系,为深入认识清代上层政权控制基层社会的实况、深入认识清代基层社会控制体系——上层政权控制与乡村社会自身控制的连接,做出了有益的研究和贡献。     

对清代州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地的考察

清代州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地问题,涉及到清代地方政权结构、最低一级政权、上层政权对基层社会统治等方面,是新近引起学界关注的重要问题.本文以广东为重点,通过考察州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地的实况、依据、性质,否定了清代"皇权不止于县"的猜想,进一步梳理了县以下各种不同的行政编组和区划,为深入认识清代国家权力与基层社会固有权力在制度层面上的契合点,提供了有益的历史素材.     

大庾岭路与清代南雄州之虚粮

清代的赋税“原额”与明代“万历原额”之间具有特别的承继关系,本文以大庾岭路所经之南雄地区为对象,考察清代原额在一个特定的地方、受到交通要道影响之后所出现的模式,藉此展现“万历原额”演变成清代“原额”的具体情形,以探讨国家赋税制度与基层地方历史的互动,以及在赋税问题上地方社会与国家的对话过程。     

清代官批民调制度与基层社会治理

官批民调是清代调处的重要方式,官批民调制度是清代调处制度的主要内容,具有半官方性质和"官民合作"特色,与明清基层社会治理息息相关。从清代官批民调制度的内涵、基本特征出发,分析了这一制度建构、运作的环境和产生的原因。作为清代基层治理体系重要内容的官批民调制度,其实施虽然有不可避免的局限性,但对清代基层治理有积极作用,并对当时社会治理的理念、方式有一定影响。     

利民沙案与清代江苏沙田民事法秩序之构建

清代江苏沿江滨海沙田广袤,涨塌不时,争沙讼案频发。元明时期国家以包税制处理沙案,介入沙田分配不深。清代既循前朝旧例,又增设基层政区,强化沙地管理,在照顾包税制下以新补塌旧有做法的同时,积极立法,对超额新涨沙洲实行"公有召买",并在司法中细致操作,深度介入沙田分配。在利民沙讼争中,经过京控和督抚重审的屡次诉讼博弈,国家逐渐克服了基层区书舞弊和厅县偏袒的影响,公正地厘清了当事各方的权利关系,实现了对新增沙地的"公有"管控。这说明在江苏沙田的管理上,明清时期并非一成不变。与广东沙田、湖北湖田纠纷中所呈现的传统国家"无为"景象不同,利民沙讼争的解决反映了清朝国家对沙田民事法秩序的积极构建。     

清代贵州团练与地方政治

在清代全国团练兴起的大背景下,结合贵州具体史事,分析了贵州团练兴起的原因,介绍了贵州团练的名称,规模及其经费来源,并通过地方基层制度保甲制和基层社会重要构成部分宗族与士绅在基层社会中的地位与影响,着重分析在社会大动乱时期保甲制的困境造成团练兴起的必要性及宗族与士绅组织团练的原因。通过团练与官府的关系分析其在维护传统政治格局和社会秩序的同时侵害官府利益和权威、剥蚀离心中央政权的二重性,从而揭示清代贵州团练与地方政治关系的演变。     

清代中期官府力量在藏区社会的进入——以治理青海贵德地方抢掠案件为例

清代中期,清政府在青海农业地区社会统治秩序渐趋稳定。但从乾隆后期开始,贵德地方牧区藏族社会抢掠蒙古地方乃至侵扰内地社会的案件时有发生,官府通过在地方社会调整行政建制、以僧治番和设立千百户制度等方式来加强对抢掠案件的治理。在这一过程中,国家力量也随之进入贵德牧区藏族社会,并最终在道光年间完成了王朝国家在牧区藏族社会统治秩序的建立。     

清代汉水上游的水资源环境与社会变迁

本文选取清代汉水上游的汉中府辖区,以堰渠水利为切入点并将其置于当地自然、社会长期演变的大背景中去考察,探讨国家权力与地域社会之间的整合关系,揭示基层社会的演变趋势及其生态环境背景与财政经济根源。文章认为:清代中后期,汉中水资源环境明显恶化是多种因素共同作用的后果,与当地的地质地貌特征、气候变迁存在密切关系,而移民开发则诱发、加剧了这一恶化步伐。清代以来,当地民办水利勃兴,官办水利日益具有民间化趋势,这与自然环境演变、赋役财政改革、水利组织管理的变化是相辅相成的。这些相互关联的多重变动,反映了社会控制权的下移、官府对水利社会的控制更为间接。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.