SOIL PHOSPHATE ANALYSIS: A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT IN THE FIELD USING A TEST STRIP*

A new method for soil phosphate analysis has been developed for field measurement which will increase the applicability of phosphate mapping in archaeological prospection.     

A REVIEW OF SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED PATTERN RECOGNITION IN ARCHAEOMETRY*

Principal component, cluster and discriminant analysis are multivariate statistical methods that are widely used in archaeometry. They are examples of what are known in some literatures as unsupervised and supervised learning methods. Over the past 20 years or so, a wide variety of other learning methods have been developed that take advantage of modern computing power and, in some cases, have been designed to handle data sets more complex than those often used in archaeometric data analysis. To date, these methods have had little impact on archaeometry. This paper reviews, in a largely non‐technical manner, the ideas behind these newer methods; illustrates their use on a variety of data sets; and attempts to assess their potential for future archaeometric use.     

城市混居地段外来人口社会隔离的空间测度——以广州客村为例

本研究选取广州客村代表典型的城市混居地段,创新性地从空间维度测度本地人与外来人群体的社会隔离程度,包括其社交对象的地域分布差异及空间活动轨迹的差异。基于社会学二模网络理论,建立空间共场性的概念,测度两类人群的社会隔离程度。研究发现:客村外来人群体的社交对象具有鲜明的迁出地指向特征;本地人与外来人两类群体的空间活动轨迹呈现显著分异,体现为使用公共服务设施与公共开敞空间的区隔;通过两类群体之间及各自内部的共场度测度,发现外来人群体过于离散的空间活动轨迹不利于其获取社会网络的支持。     

陕西省农村土地流转迟缓的供求影响因素与机制探析

农村土地流转长期受到决策者的鼓励,但我国农村土地使用权流转率一直偏低,西部地区尤其如此。本文试图以陕西省为例,通过问卷调查和访谈,分析农地社会保障功能等因素影响农地使用权流转率的作用机制;并从供给和需求两个方面,分析了经济落后地区农村土地使用权流转率偏低的原因。研究结果表明,农地流转受到现行的以提供社会保障为基本目的的农地制度的约束,任何旨在提高农地流转率的改革措施,都必须考虑现行农地制度的社会保障功能和地区差异,实行因地制宜的农地流转制度。     

北京城中村居民“数字鸿沟”测量及其影响因素研究

移动互联网的快速发展，特别是2020年的新冠疫情加速了远程医疗等数字经济业态的发展，促使学者们重新重视“数字鸿沟”现象，探讨“数字不平等”和“社会不平等”的相互影响。文章以北京5个典型城中村为调研地，发现：移动互联网发展，4G网络普及和国产智能手机崛起缩小了城中村居民在设备接入上的鸿沟，但其上网技能还受到个体社会经济属性影响。产生“数字鸿沟”的传统因素如年龄、受教育程度等仍然在起作用，一些新的因素如户籍、网龄、上网时长催化了其在网络内容利用上的差异，社会结构分层同样嵌入到其网络产品和内容选择中。研究加深了我们对“数字鸿沟”的理解，也帮助我们分析其他社会弱势群体遭遇“数字鸿沟”的可能性。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASTERS AND MORTARS AS A TOOL IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES: THE CASE OF LARDIRAGO CASTLE IN PAVIA,NORTHERN ITALY*

Plasters and mortars from Lardirago Castle (Pavia, northern Italy) have been characterized by means of petrographical and chemical analyses in order to achieve technical and historical evidence of material production. The study focused on the oldest nucleus of the structure, where hidden plastered masonry has been discovered recently. Textural and compositional data of the binder and the aggregate fractions were collected by means of optical microscopy and electron microscopy coupled with microanalysis. These data permit the identification of building materials with similar technical and compositional characteristics, which can be related to different building phases.     

GLASS CORROSION ACROSS THE ALPS: A SURFACE STUDY OF CHEMICAL CORROSION OF GLASSES FOUND IN MARINE AND GROUND ENVIRONMENTS*

Ancient glasses deriving from differing environments (marine and ground) and areas (Mediterranean and Continental) have been investigated to understand their weathering processes. Although the glass technologies, developed in various ways, and the differing compositions of the glasses from the two areas, have generated differing durabilities, the weathering features of both typologies of glass are identical. Therefore, the corrosion phenomena are due to the action of water, and they are not related to the sample microclimate. Data have been collected using optical microscopy, RGA and surface analysis techniques: XPS, ESEM and SIMS.     

STUDYING TECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICES AT A LOCAL LEVEL: NEUTRON ACTIVATION AND PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF EARLY CERAMIC PERIOD POTTERY IN CENTRAL CHILE*

We discuss neutron activation and petrographic analyses of domestic ceramics and some raw materials from five archaeological sites in the Valdivia de Paine locality, in Central Chile. During the time period studied, the area was occupied by small‐scale horticultural groups with disperse and sedentary or semi‐sedentary settlement patterns. The analyses indicate that diverse local raw material sources were used in pottery production, and shared by members of different co‐residential units and between different cultural groups. The data indicate as many similarities as differences among the technological practices of pottery‐producing groups who lived in spatial proximity. The results have implications for the understanding of pottery‐producing communities at a local level, as well as small‐scale groups in general.     

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIN‐LEAD GLAZED POTTERY FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS: INITIAL STEPS TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SPANISH COLONIAL POTTERY IN THE AMERICAS*

Majolica pottery was the most characteristic tableware produced in Europe during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Because of the prestige and importance attributed to this ware, Spanish majolica was imported in vast quantities into the Americas during the Spanish Colonial period. A study of Spanish majolica was conducted on a set of 186 samples from the 10 primary majolica production centres on the Iberian Peninsula and 22 sherds from two early colonial archaeological sites on the Canary Islands. The samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), and the resulting data were interpreted using an array of multivariate statistical approaches. Our results show a clear discrimination between different production centres, allowing a reliable provenance attribution of the sherds from the Canary Islands.