THE TIME OF THE SELF AND THE TIME OF THE OTHER

What is time? This essay offers an attempt to think again about this oldest of philosophical questions by engaging David Hoy's recent book, The Time of Our Lives: A Critical History of Temporality, which proposes a “history of time‐consciousness” in twentieth‐century European philosophy. Hoy's book traces the turn‐of‐the‐century debate between Husserl and Bergson about the different senses of time across the various configurations of hermeneutics, deconstruction, poststructuralism, and feminist theory. For him, what is at stake in such a project is to distinguish between the scientific‐objective “time of the universe” and the phenomenology of human temporality, “the time of our lives.” Hoy's approach is to organize his book around the three tenses of time—past/present/future—and to view objective‐scientific time as derived from the more primordial forms of temporalizing lived experience that occur in our interpretation of time. In my reading of Hoy's work, I attempt to explore how “time” (lived, experiential, phenomenological) can be read not in terms of “consciousness” (Hoy's thematic), but in terms of the self's relationship with an Other. That is, my aim is less to establish a continental tradition about time‐consciousness, understood through the methods of genealogy, phenomenology, or critical theory, than it is to situate the problem of time in terms of an ethics of the Other. In simple terms, I read Hoy's project as too bound up with an egological interpretation of consciousness. By reflecting on time through the relationship to the Other rather than as a mode of the self's own “time‐consciousness,” I attempt to think through the ethical consequences for understanding temporality and its connection to justice.     

THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING*

ABSTRACT As the housing stock in a city is duplicated, developers must devote greater amounts of resources to the provision of infrastructure. If the production of infrastructure is characterized by decreasing returns to scale, this will cause the price of developable land to increase. The conditions under which an upward-sloping supply curve for housing will result are discussed. Using cross-sectional data for U.S. cities from 1973 to 1982, it is shown that land prices fail to increase with the quantity of construction and that the price elasticity of the supply of housing is infinite.     

THE MAPPING OF TRAVEL TIME IN EDMONTON, ALBERTA

T ime - distance is defined as the time required to travel a specific distance. Consider the time-distances among n places. They are tabulated in an n by n matrix and it is assumed that each element of the square array represents the minimum travel time to go from one place to another. Usually the matrix will be non-symmetrical with all diagonal elements equal to zero. Imagine a graphic representation of those places in a two-dimensional space. Theoretically it is possible to determine two configurations, one arising from trip i to j , the other from trip j to i , such that the locations of all n points approximate the n ( n -1)/2 time-distance relations.¹ In practice, however, the geographer will not be satisfied with a solution that does not preserve geographic neighbourliness. He will argue that geographical order is a necessary ingredient to the understanding of place relations. In most cases, a total solution that reconciles the geography with the metric is unattainable and only segments of the time-distance matrix are mapped. On polar isochronic maps, for instance, places are located according to their geographic azimuth and their time-distance with respect to one single origin. Therefore only one row or one column of the original matrix is plotted. The number of maps required for representing the entire data would be twice as large as the number of observations.     

FRUSTRATED SEXUALITY IN ROBERT KROETSCH'S THE STUDHORSE MAN

Robert Kroetsch's The Studhorse Man is not simply the “passionate and comic celebration of fertility–in man and beast” that the paperback cover promises. In fact, generative impulses are regularly misdirected or thwarted, and the course of true sex never does run smooth. From the beginning of the book (saved and seduced by Polly Cockburn) to the end (saved and seduced by Marie Eshpeter), Hazard Lepage, the studhorse man, is a man more laid against than laying, a man whose entanglements are more often an ordeal than an adventure. And even though the thirteen year engagement to the voluptuous Martha Proudfoot comes, finally, to its long-fantasied conclusion, that climax begins with Hazard “on ice”–ostensibly dead–and ends with Demeter, the “professionally” insane narrator of the novel, prompted to action, an action that entails Hazard's actual death. Furthermore, the studhorse man mismanages the affairs of his studhorse almost as pervasively as he mismanages his own. The only local practitioner of his trade, he still cannot find “one farm with a mare that wanted covering.” The very survival of the Lepage horse is at stake. Yet Hazard's attempts to achieve his chief objective are comically inept. For example, at one point, dickering for a necessary mare, Hazard mistakenly trades away his stallion. Yet Demeter, eighteen, inept, and certifiably insane, easily supplies Poseidon with suitable mares, and the oafish Eugene Utter sees how many more can be provided. But even here Hazard is thwarted. Poseidon becomes the “busiest creature in Alberta” not to produce more Lepage horses but to turn every available mare into a PMU (Pregnant Mare's Urine) producing machine.     

OVER TIME: TIME AND POLITICS IN THE USSR

In areas in which 46 million Soviet citizens live, official statutory time is not observed. Most of these areas lie in the western part of the third Soviet time zone and date from 1930-31 when the Soviet Union adopted Daylight Saving Time on a year round basis. When an additional Summer Time was announced in 1980 (beginning in 1981 from April 1 to October 1), putting the clock two hours ahead of standard time for the summer, it was also announced that local deviations from statutory time would be terminated. In 1982, however, continued local deviations were noted, and some, in fact, permitted by the state. The explanation offered is that citizens and local readers in these areas wish to be on the same time as Moscow.     

THE VARIATION OF REGIONAL POPULATION IN JAPAN*

In this paper, firstly a model of the variation of regional population was constructed, based on the work of Klaassen and the wage and job opportunity theories. Secondly, the reduced form of the model was made and fitted to the data of Japan for 1965 and the time period 1960–1965. The model was successfully fitted to the data. It was therefore concluded that in Japan, the mechanism of determination of a regional population could be shown by the model proposed in this paper, and the population in a region was determined by the natural increase of population and the economic activity of the region. Moreover, the fact that the densely populated region in Japan has higher population growth as the region has higher economic activity and higher natural increase ratio of population was found.     

关于抗战时期“伪银行”的通信——答加藤正宏先生

姚朔民老师寄来日本《收集》杂志2 0 0 0年第六期上加藤正宏先生的文章 ,对我在《中国近代纸币》中称满洲中央银行、中国联合准备银行、蒙疆银行、中央储备银行、冀东银行、察南银行、华兴商业储蓄银行等七家为伪银行不解 ,他认为“在日本和中国 ,对于‘伪’银行的理解首先就有所不同。即使退一步讲 ,按照中国的认识 ,在前述 (如汇丰银行等外国银行或中外合办银行 )中恐怕也有着应看作‘伪’银行的银行。在上述诸外国银行中 ,同样可以看到把在半殖民地化的地区作为势力范围来发行纸币的思想。这些银行与由于侵略国日本有关而被作为‘伪’的…     

LITHIC RESOURCES IN THE EARLY PREHISTORY OF THE ALPS*

Rocks, which are ubiquitous in archaeological sites as chipped or polished tools, were important factors in the prehistoric Alpine economic system. Archaeometric characterization and identification of source areas open the path to a more detailed understanding of the production and diffusion mechanisms behind Alpine lithic industries. An overview of the situation from the eastern to the western Alps in the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and the Copper Age illustrates current debates and issues.     

THE TIME OF POLITICS,THE POLITICS OF TIME,AND POLITICIZED TIME: AN INTRODUCTION TO CHRONOPOLITICS

Time is so deeply interwoven with all aspects of politics that its centrality to the political is frequently overlooked. For one, politics has its own times and rhythms. Secondly, time can be an object and an instrument of politics. Thirdly, temporal attributes are used not only to differentiate basic political principles but also to legitimize or delegitimize politics. Finally, politics aims at realizing futures in the present or preventing them from materializing. Consequently, the relationship between politics and time encompasses a broad spectrum of phenomena and processes that cry out for historicization. In our introduction to this History and Theory theme issue on chronopolitics, we argue that the concept of chronopolitics makes it possible to do this and, in the process, to move the operation of rethinking historical temporalities from the periphery toward the center of historiographical attention as well as to engage in a dialogue with scholars from a wide range of disciplines. To this end, we propose a broad concept of chronopolitics by discussing existing definitions, by distinguishing between three central dimensions of chronopolitics (the time of politics, the politics of time, and politicized time), and by systematizing possible approaches to studying chronopolitics.     

THE IMPLICATIONS OF ROBERT BRANDOM'S INFERENTIALISM FOR INTELLECTUAL HISTORY

Quentin Skinner's appropriation of speech act theory for intellectual history has been extremely influential. Even as the model continues to be important for historians, however, philosophers now regard the original speech act theory paradigm as dated. Are there more recent initiatives that might reignite theoretical work in this area? This article argues that the inferentialism of Robert Brandom is one of the most interesting contemporary philosophical projects with historical implications. It shows how Brandom's work emerged out of the broad shift in the philosophy of language from semantics to pragmatics that also informed speech act theory. The article then goes on to unpack the rich implications of Brandom's inferentialism for the theory and practice of intellectual history. It contends that inferentialism clarifies, legitimizes, and informs intellectual historical practice, and it concludes with a consideration of the challenges faced by inferentialist intellectual history, together with an argument for the broader implications of Brandom's work.     

THE QUESTION OF EFFICIENCY IN URBAN BUS TRANSPORTATION*

ABSTRACT. This paper estimates a flexible frontier specification for the production of urban bus transit services in the United States. The results confirm previous findings of relatively unimportant scale economies. However, they also suggest that this regulated industry is subject to substantial technical and allocative inefficiency.