服务业区位论:概念、理论及研究框架

二战以来,随着世界经济服务化进程加快,国内外学者越来越关注服务业区位理论的研究,但迄今为止,国内外学术界至今没有形成完整的服务业区位理论体系。从区位论的基本概念出发,在区位过程理论的基础上,根据服务业的特性及分类,提出了由一般服务业区位理论和服务业行业区位理论构成的服务业区位理论研究框架。在服务业区位理论框架的基础上,阐述了服务业区位选择的基础理论,初步构建了由经济区位因素、空间区位因素、信息区位因素和人文区位因素构成的服务业区位因素钻石模型,并探讨了服务业区位选择及区位模式的研究思路。结合所建立的服务业区位理论体系,提出了服务业区位的实证研究框架。     

A MANAGERIAL MODEL OF THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT MARKET STRUCTURE ON FIRM LOCATION*

ABSTRACT. This paper develops a model of firm location choice based on managerial theory of discretionary behavior. Specifically, it is assumed that the management of the firm maximizes a utility function which incorporates profits and location-specific amenities. As the firm moves from one prospective location to another, it faces a profit-amenity constraint imposed by market conditions. The optimal location decision is derived by maximizing the utility function subject to this market-imposed constraint. After examining the properties of the optimal solution, the impact of various changes in product market structure (including changes from a contestible markets perspective) on the location decision is investigated. A major finding is that the impact of a change in market structure depends upon the nature of the structure change and upon the substitution and income effects induced by the structural change.     

行为区位论的初步研究

本文论述了行为区位论的产生和发展历程,分析了区位决策行为、空间位移行为和消费行为空间等模式,并对行为区位论在区位理论中的地位和作用进行了评价。     

CENTER POINTS, EQUILIBRIUM POSITIONS, AND THE OBNOXIOUS LOCATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT. Real variable analysis has een used to great benefit in a variety of classical problems in location theory. In this paper we explore basic complex variable techniques in one formulation of the obnoxious location problem. A general definition of center points is first given and used to formulate several alternate versions of the obnoxious location problem. A logarithmic transformation is then used to demonstrate some equivalences between these families of distinct location problems (defined via center points). A prototype logarithmic potential function which results from this formulation is then investigated, and it is demonstrated that the extremal solutions with this objective reside on the boundary of its domain of definition. An application using zero- and one-dimensional centers is discussed, and a generalization to the spatial obnoxious problem is also briefly examined. We define a zero-dimensional center as a critical point of the logarithmic potential function, and it is shown that these centers are equivalent to the solutions of the Complex Moment Problem.     

西方现代劳动力地理学研究进展及对中国研究的意义

劳动力地理学研究有助于理解全球化背景下劳动力作为当前国际国内经济转型和产业区位的一个重要因素及其发生作用的内在机制,对指导劳动力市场调节、促进地方劳动力市场发展具有重要意义。本文总结了国外劳动力地理学理论研究的起源,认为其理论演变经历了由新古典经济地理学区位理论,到马克思主义新经济地理理论,到近年来"文化、制度转向"的劳动力市场地理发展历程。介绍了近年来地方化劳动力市场地理理论和实证研究领域,及其对产业空间组织的影响等方面所取得的最新进展。在对当前的研究进行评述的基础上,指出不足和未来方向。与西方学术界相比,我国相关理论研究较为欠缺,尤其是文化、制度等因素对我国劳动力市场影响的研究有待进一步加强。     

北京城市空间认知的影响因素分析

城市空间认知影响因素分析与认知空间格局研究具有同等的重要性。论文基于北京城市空间认知调查问卷数据,引入居民属性等16个变量,利用二值Logistic回归方法,提炼出23个认知地点整体以及交通节点、商场、休闲地三种类型地点的认知影响因素。发现:第一,不同类型地点的认知率影响因素存在异同,其中,存在职住变更是最为显著的共性因子。第二,各类地点中的显著影响因子对认知率的作用大小有明显差异,年龄46-55岁变量是23地点认知率的最重要影响因素,交通节点和商场认知率最重要的影响因素为就业内城四区,而就业地与休闲地距离小于等于6km变量对休闲地认知率的影响最大。第三,各类模型中的影响因素类型不同且影响程度有很大差异,故具有不同属性信息组合的居民认知率不同。     

PRICE UNCERTAINTY AND PRODUCTION-LOCATION DECISIONS UNDER FREE ENTRY OLIGOPOLY*

ABSTRACT. This paper departs from earlier work on location theory under uncertainty by considering an oligopoly case where the symmetric Cournot-Nash equilibrium of imperfectly competitive and identical firms are examined. It will be shown that once a Cournot competitive equilibrium is introduced, the demand function plays a central role in the choice of location, and the effects of changes in fixed costs, mean product price and price variability on the firm's optimum location and output are independent of absolute and/or relative risk aversion. These striking results are in sharp contrast with the well-known results obtained in previous contributions to the location literature.     

Dynamic Models of Agricultural Location in a Spatial Interaction Framework

Recent research demonstrates that spatial interaction models may also be made to function as location models by the addition of appropriate hypotheses about structural adjustment. An appealing feature of the approach is that dynamics are explicitly incorporated. In this paper, the attempt is made to recast a problem from classical economic-geographic theory—that of agricultural location—within a spatial interaction framework. It is shown that a wide variety of models is potentially available, and the properties of a range of these models are selectively explored.     

Variability in the lithic and faunal record through 10 reoccupations of a XIX century Yamana Hut

The excavation of Tunel VII, a Yamana site dating to the indigenous/European contact period was part of a long term research project based on the north coast of the Beagle channel (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). The aim was to evaluate the theory and methodologies and devise an archaeological method that would enable a complete picture of subsistence strategies to be constructed. At Tunel VII (a site with shell middens), we were able to analyse these strategies through 10 successive occupation events on a single location. Archaeozoological analysis of the faunal remains and use-wear analysis of lithic material were used to examine the management of resources. Production and consumption are two very useful concepts, and together they have been used to create a methodology, which, together with spatial analysis using significant variables, has enabled identification of recurrent or significant tendencies in relation to alteration or continuity in subsistence strategies. In the case of Tunel VII, we know that the people who continually occupied the hut were all from the same group.     

微区位研究的新思维

论文从区位尺度观、空间关联、行为观、空间竞争、平衡最优理论等五个方面探讨微观区位研究的新视角、新思维。指出微区位研究与传统的区位研究的区位选择主体、空间范围、影响因素都有很大不同。区位选择对象与周边环境的空间关联制约微观环境下的区位空间类型。经营者与消费者的行为、文化心理对微区位选择构成重要影响。市场的空间竞争关系到布局对象的生存与发展。微区位追求的目标应当是经营者的最大利润与消费者的最大剩余效用之间的平衡,最大限度利用空间外部效果对微区位选择具有重要意义。     

上海市传统产业的地域转移研究--基于国际大都市建设的新思路

国际大都市的产业结构特征与上海市传统产业结构的现实,决定了上海市建设国际大都市目标的实现有赖于传统产业顺利实现地域转移。根据传统产业的区域转移理论和区位进入理论的Hayter模型,在全球生产一体化和中国进入开放经济发展新阶段的背景下,上海市传统产业的地域转移有两种空间取向：国内转移和国际扩张。国内转移有扩展转移和等级扩散两种途径,移出产业的选择要依据上海产业重构的要求和产业优势状况确定。国际扩张是对外开放新阶段的重大举措,根据上海的实际,提出三种国际空间扩张策略和境外投资的区域多元化战略。     

LUTI模型原理、实现及应用综述

经济全球化背景下可持续发展已成为当今世界发展的主题。快速城镇化下的中国,城市空间的可持续性发展提上日程。为此,期待有力的、可操作的工具用于定量模拟城市空间演化过程、预测不同政策下城市空间的发展趋势,为城市化持续健康发展提供决策支持。本文分析了LUTI模型的基本原理、构建思路、实现框架和建立中国城市LUTI模型面临的问题,并回顾了国内外利用LUTI模型模拟城市空间演化过程,以辅助表明城市空间决策的研究现状,希望能为中国的城市空间可持续发展模拟分析研究提供参考。     

Dimensional Analysis: Some Applications In Human Geography

Dimensional analysis is introduced, and applications of it to human geography are considered. Primary and secondary dimensions are selected; techniques of dimensional analysis are used to derive and check a functional relationship drawn from central place theory, to test the dimensional implications of a power function (the Pareto gravity model), to disaggregate a theoretical parameter (the exponential distance decay coefficient), and to simplify a complex system of variables in agricultural location theory to a system of dimensionless products. Difficulties inherent in the application of dimensional analysis to human geography are discussed.     

Trade politics in the American Congress:: a study of the interaction of political geography and interest group behavior

Political geography plays an important role in influencing how industries build coalitions to secure desired trade benefits in American politics. The political geography of an industry is defined as the intersection of its economic geography, i.e. the location of its means of production, and the institutional structure of the political system in which it operates. In the case of the United States, trade-sensitive industries lobby the bicameral Congress and the executive branch for beneficial trade policies, and their geographic location strongly influences the strategies they adopt. Industries concentrated across heavily populated states will be more powerful in the House of Representatives than in the Senate. They will therefore ground their efforts in the House and form coalitions with industries that are powerful in the Senate. Industries that are concentrated across less populated states will be stronger in the Senate and will seek to form coalition partners that are strong in the House. A theory of political geography is used to explain the behavior of import/export sensitive industries in the 1980s and 1990s. The findings suggest that these industries choose coalition partners who bolster their political weakness in the House or Senate by extending, rather than replicating, their geographic base of support.     

关于区位论发展的探讨

本文分析了西方区位理论的发展历程,论述了我国区位论的研究现状,并提出了区位论对完善地理学理论、拓宽实践领域的重要意义,以及区位论研究中存在的问题。     

SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF BUILDING FRAMES UNDER RANDOM GROUND MOTION

A sliding mode control theory is presented to control the response of building frames to predominant frequency components of the random ground motions. The control algorithm is derived based on a sliding surface which is a function of a state vector containing the structural displacements and velocities and variables that dictate the predominant frequency components of the excitation. Three control mechanisms are employed to control the response of the building frame namely, (1) active mass damper (AMD) placed at the top storey of the building, (2) an actuator placed at a storey level and, (3) an actuator placed at a storey level along with a tuned mass damper (TMD) situated at the top storey level. Responses obtained by the proposed control strategy are compared with those obtained by the linear feedback and feedforward-feedback control strategies (conventional control strategies). Also, they are compared with those obtained by the sliding mode control strategy that considers in its state vector only structural displacements and velocities. It is shown that the proposed control strategy generally performs better than other control strategies in the higher range of control forces. For the lower range of control forces, conventional control strategies are more effective.     

Environment,cooking strategies and containers

This paper is an exercise in theory building that explores container form, function, and distribution. Using ethnographic data, environmental reconstructions, and archaeological information, containers are examined within the framework of the container complex, the group of containers used within a system. The results reveal a robust patterning between stone boiling and direct fire boiling and environmental thresholds. It also shows that container fabric used in these cooking strategies patterns by environmental variables. The results are models of the distribution of cooking strategies and the container fabrics used for cooking that can then be applied to the archaeological record.     

GIS-based methodology for Palaeolithic site location preferences analysis. A case study from Late Palaeolithic Cantabria (Northern Iberian Peninsula)

Factors involved in the selection of a settlement location are key issues in the understanding of hunter–gatherer subsistence strategies and social organization. Site location preferences are the result of a complex decision-making process, in which both economic and cultural needs are involved. This paper presents a specific methodology for site location analysis, based on the definition and calculation of a series of variables. This methodology, applied to Late Palaeolithic sites from the Cantabrian coast, enables an objective comparison between archaeological sites, and consequently the analysis of settlement patterns of Palaeolithic societies.     

信息时代我国电子商铺区位取向的实证分析

随着电子商铺的日益发展,信息时代地理区位的重要性成为地理学所关注的重要问题。以我国淘宝网电子商铺为例,解剖网购交易完成的全过程中所涉及的服务空间、物质往来以及资金交付等,从微观角度对互联网下电子商铺的区位取向进行实证研究。研究表明电子商铺有明显的区位取向,互联网应用技术与普及环境、配送空间的易接近性、第三方支付体系是影响其区位的三个主要因素。区别于传统的商业模式,电子商铺依托于发达的互联网上,不再受实体地理空间限制,但其网络结构式的经营模式使其仍依赖传统的地理区位。     

Efficiency and Equity Aspects of Optimum Location

Despite problems of defining efficiency and equity, it is useful to assess the equity and efficiency implications of various optimal location strategies. Most location criteria have been efficiency oriented, and if there is area variability in density or income, or very strong returns to scale, equity may be well sacrificed.