馆藏文物预防性保护的实践与思考——以深圳博物馆为例

为改善馆藏文物保存环境,深圳博物馆通过实施馆藏文物预防性保护项目,在新馆建立环境无线监测系统平台,改造展厅、库房等文物保存大环境,调控专题展厅展柜微环境,配置多种专用文物囊匣,更换常设展厅部分不合格展柜,以及建立文物保存环境监控管理机制等措施,初步构建起馆藏文物预防性保护体系,使博物馆预防性保护能力和水平得到显著提升,有效缓解了环境因素对文物安全保存的影响。梳理和总结该项目的实施程序、机制、内容、措施及相关思考,有益于全面、持续推进馆藏文物预防性保护工作。     

懿德太子墓白虎图壁画展柜环境监测分析研究

懿德太子墓白虎图长期陈列在展柜中。受保存环境的影响,壁画本身发生了一些变化。本文通过对白虎图壁画展柜内外不同位置布设监测设备的方式,得到展柜内外温度、湿度、光照度、紫外线、二氧化碳、可挥发性有机化合物这几项环境因素的变化数据。结合展厅条件,提出改善文物保存环境的建议。为壁画类文物的科学保护及大型文物展柜环境的监测、研究提供参考和借鉴。     

内蒙古博物院文物保存环境初步评估

为了建立比较完善的内蒙古博物院文物保存环境监测系统,全面提升文物预防性保护能力,对内蒙古博物院文物保存环境现状进行了评估。评估结果表明:监测点的文物保存环境基本满足文物保存的要求。建议对文物保存环境实施实时监控,实现不同文物对于温湿度的差异化要求,并采取措施降低库房内有害气体污染以及部分展柜中的光照度。     

前言

馆藏文物保存环境,也称为博物馆环境、文物保存微环境,主要是指与博物馆、纪念馆及其他文物收藏单位的库房、陈列室、储藏柜、展柜等室内环境中可移动文物本身具有直接而密切关系的温湿度、污染气体、光辐射、虫害和霉菌等外在环境因素,这些环境因素对文物长久保存有着至关重要的影响.开展馆藏文物保存环境科技研究,对博物馆环境进行有效的监测、调控、评价和整治,抑制各种环境因素对文物的危害作用,努力使文物处于一个稳定、洁净的安全生存环境,尽可能阻止或延缓文物的物理和化学性质改变乃至最终劣化,预防性地从源头上保护珍贵文物,促进中华文明传播,是我国馆藏文物保护科学和技术领域十分迫切、艰巨而长期的任务,具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义.     

几种调湿剂在文物展示中应用观察

环境温湿度是文物预防性保护的基础内容,调湿剂的发展与应用为小空间湿度的调节提供了便利。本文就使用模拟展示盒,将三种调湿剂置于展览环境不同工况下获得的数据进行分析,就展柜气密性、调湿剂性能、湿度稳定性等进行了讨论,目的是为调湿剂的应用提供非实验室环境下的经验借鉴。     

利用K线图分析馆藏文物保存环境中温湿度研究

温度和相对湿度是馆藏文物保存环境监测的两项基本指标。为了更好地处理大量的温湿度监测数据,将K线理论引用至温湿度评估体系,通过K线图四要素的剥离和借鉴,定义采样周期内初始值对应开盘价、采样周期内结束值对应收盘价、采样周期内最高值对应最高价、采样周期内最低值对应最低价。结合一次临展的连续监测数据,使用K线图开展了展厅及部分展柜内温湿度评价,通过主动调湿和被动调湿的调控效果比对,为后续临展等短期展览调湿方式的选择提供参考依据。本工作为文物保存环境中温湿度的数据处理建立了环境监测数据分析模型,为文物保存环境质量评估提供了一种直观的探讨方案。     

用示踪气体法检测文物展柜换气率技术研究

摘要文物展柜为文物的展示和保存提供了一个相对独立的空间,展柜密封度的高低影响着展柜内微环境调控的效果。为评价文物展柜的密封度,用示踪气体法检测展柜换气率,从检测便捷、安全和实验数据可靠角度分析比较了二氧化碳和乙烯的实验结果。结果显示,两种示踪气体均可用于检测展柜的密封度。其中,二氧化碳气体检测法比较方便,但其密度较大,易于沉降,检测结果偏低。环境湿度对二氧化碳示踪气体法检测的结果有一定影响。应用二氧化碳示踪气体法测试了多种展柜的换气率表明,各展柜的密封度有较大差别,每天换气率从0.1次到37次不等。检测结果提示,二氧化碳示踪气体法为评价展柜的密封度提供了一个简便易行的方法。     

馆藏纸质文物预防性保护研究——以奉节县美术馆书画藏品为例

预防性保护是科学检测、调控文物保护环境的重要方法,是当今世界文物领域保护的重要趋势。文章以奉节县美术馆纸质书画艺术藏品为例,阐述了馆藏文物的预防性保护概念,分析了奉节县美术馆书画藏品保存环境状况,从建立环境监测系统、改善文物储存微环境、制定预防性保护机制等几个方面,提出了针对性预防保护措施,确保馆藏书画藏品处于相对稳定、安全的环境中。     

气密展储空间内温湿度稳定性分析——以秦始皇帝陵博物院内气密展柜为例

温湿度是影响文物保存的重要因素。为了研究气密展储空间内温湿度的变化情况,为文物的长期"稳定"展储奠定理论与实践基础,对秦始皇帝陵博物院内一台气密展柜7个月的温湿度检测数据进行分析。结果表明:展柜内温度随外界温度波动而波动,湿度稳定性取决于展柜气密性与展柜内外相对湿度差值,良好的气密性可以有效减缓外部环境湿度波动对展柜内湿度的干扰;气密空间内湿度短期内波动主要受环境温度影响。     

馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理的实践与思考——以上海博物馆为例

馆藏文物预防性保护工作在我国经过了二十余年的系统性研究和应用实践,已经取得了重大进步。近年来,上海博物馆在预防性保护工作中引入风险管理理念,通过明确环境信息、风险评估、风险应对和监督检查的流程,降低文物风险,保障文物安全。本文以上海博物馆的两个临时展览为例,从环境信息统计分析、湿度阈值设定与调控策略选择、材料环境安全性评估、展柜密封性能要求等方面阐述了馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理工作的应用实践和研究思考。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.