不同尺度下农业创新技术空间扩散的实证研究——以中国果业协会果业技术扩散为例

目前,国内外对技术扩散的研究中时间维角度扩散研究较多,而空间维扩散研究相对薄弱。以中国果业协会为依托,通过对协会内果树系列技术成果采用系统调查的基础上,运用相关分析和行为分析的方法,从不同尺度对技术空间扩散进行透视,得出以下结论:①不同尺度下影响农业技术扩散和使用的因素相差较大。宏观尺度下影响果树系列技术扩散的主要因子为规模,中微观尺度下影响技术扩散的主要因子为距离;②随着空间尺度的缩减,技术扩散由明显的规模等级扩散向随距离增加扩散强度减弱的渐进扩散转化;③农业技术在空间扩散方向上具有"寻"的特征,即技术扩散总是在追求扩散效益最大化;④微观尺度的农户行为分析表明,农户技术采用行为主要受农户本身对高收益的追求和外部因素对农户的影响两方面作用。     

分析SARS:在我国的地理扩散和地理障碍

SARS疫情在我国的迅速传播已经对我国的社会和经济生活造成了重大的影响,也为我们观察和分析地理扩散提供了难得的机会。SARS的扩散显然是一种地理过程,这个过程的第一个特征是以等级扩散为发展方式的,第二个特征是必然在扩散中遇到障碍。第一个特征的存在使疫情在一段时间里在我国得以迅速的蔓延,但是当采取各种医疗、隔离和防护措施后,SARS的扩散在出现障碍的条件下受到抑制。文章描述了疫情扩散的方式,在我国形成的地理格局(以广东和北京为源地),认为这个地理格局的形成与我国流动人口的分布、人口流动的条件有关。同时指出,在疫情扩散的地理格局中,在中心城市形成的高度集中是一种令人担忧的现象。因为这样的集中已经对这些中心城市的包括"医疗中心"在内的行政、经济、交通等核心地的功能产生严重影响。为此,文章注意到我国一些没有发现疫情的地区的地理条件,认为存在着如地理距离(距离衰减)、地理环境、产业特征等地理障碍。通过对这些障碍的分析,文章最后提出了防治疫情及其继续扩散的措施。     

体育文化的地理学解析

本文以体育和地理共同关注的空间和地方作为切入点,介绍和分析了体育与地理的联系、体育地理的兴起和发展状况,继而提出了体育文化地理解析的概念框架,并在此框架下,讨论了体育地理学研究的主要领域和核心内容。最后文章扼要指出了我国体育地理学研究的潜力和优势,认为体育地理研究将在我国大有可为。     

基于新地理信息技术的南京市游客流动性空间特征研究

利用新地理信息技术,采集500个游客GPS地理标记照片,运用GIS空间分析方法,分析游客在南京城市内部及其与长三角其它城市空间流动特性,并提炼游客空间行为一般模式。发现:①南京城市内部旅游流在主城区集聚,整体上呈现中心城区向四周扩散的趋势;且在空间形态上形成小型化、斑块化的布局特征。②南京与长三角周边城市的线形路线以点-点模式为主导,地域模式以便利的同城市中心流动为多数,其旅游流流动模式与已有典型模式基本吻合,同时长三角地区旅游流呈现等级扩散特征。     

流动性视角下中国流行菜系的空间扩散格局及其文化地理逻辑

流动性的增强不但意味着人口、信息、资金流动强度增加,也意味着流动范围的扩大。在此背景下,以稳定的人口构成为基础的传统地域饮食文化区的边界也开始发生变化。同时,流动性也使多元地方饮食文化在空间扩散的基础上展开了互动与交融。本研究将除港澳台地区以外的中国全域作为研究区域,基于海量餐饮服务设施POI数据,运用核密度分析方法分析中国目前的流行菜系空间扩散格局并描述其特征,并从流动性视角阐释其形成与扩散的文化地理逻辑。研究发现,中国现流行的菜系主要包括川菜、湘菜、粤菜、东北菜、徽菜、云贵菜、西北菜、鲁菜;中国流行菜系的空间扩散格局具有差异明显、多中心发展的特点。其中,川菜、湘菜、粤菜数量多分布广;鲁菜、徽菜分布集中,扩散较少;东北菜、云贵菜、西北菜数量较少但分布范围广。这种流行菜系空间扩散格局背后的文化地理逻辑与流动性密不可分,人口、资金等的流动促使地方饮食文化在空间内扩散,同时也带来了地方饮食文化间的交融互构。     

百年来国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化:集聚模式与影响因素

国际组织机构在构建国家软实力、拓展国家利益、塑造全球治理机制具有不可替代的战略意义。论文基于国际协会联盟数据,运用矢量数据符号法和负二项回归模型对1918年至2017年成立的26457个国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化规律进行深入研究,主要结论如下：①百年来国际组织机构累计数量呈几何数量级增长了1200倍,整体呈缓慢上升又陡然下降的演化趋势;②国际组织机构的空间分布极不均衡,具有等级扩散的演化规律,优先选择区域中心国家的中心城市;③国际组织机构具有永久中立国、强国和区域中心国三种集聚模式;④回归显示国家的经济、文化和科技影响力及历史性组织文化遗产在0.01水平上与国际组织机构地理布局呈显著的正相关关系。     

文化信息的空间扩散分析

本文从信息论的角度探讨了文化的空间扩散过程;初步探讨了文化扩散的信息内涵,提出了文化源地、文化宿地、文化扩散媒介等文化信息扩散要素,简要地分析了文化信息扩散的类型;着重探讨了影响文化信息扩散的作用因素,分析了环境约束,区域引力,空间距离、地形摩擦、文化惯性和文化革新等6个因素的作用。     

文化地理学的主题与过程研究

本文论述了文化地理学研究的内容,认为文化地理学是人文地理学中一门独具特色的分支学科,具有综合性、地域性和历史性;阐述了文化地理学研究的五大主题,即文化区、文化扩散、文化景观、文化生态和文化综合体及文化发展的四个基本过程。四个基本文化过程持续不断地运行,推动了空间文化系统的螺旋式上升发展。     

他者,权力与地方建构:想象地理的研究进展与展望

本文通过对相关文献的梳理,对想象地理的理论起源及研究内容进行了总结与分析。根据想象的主体和想象对象的地理尺度差异,国外想象地理研究主要分为两个流派:一是探讨后殖民主义语境下"西方"对"东方"的文化形象的话语建构;二是研究"作者"通过地理文本的生产,以想象的方式对地方的文化形象进行重构的过程。同时,文章通过分析国外近30个实证案例,指出想象地理在地方的文化建构和空间文化意义的生产等文化地理重要话题的研究中都具有重要的作用,并据此对国内想象地理研究提出了展望。     

国外旅游线路空间模式研究进展

旅游线路空间模式实质上是游客在目的地区域对停留空间和消费空间的理性选择与线性组合,是具有典型空间属性的社会文化地理现象和经济地理现象,涉及了作为旅游景点和旅游目的地的点状地理要素和作为旅游线路的线状地理要素以及旅游目的地体系构成的区域等面状地理要素。从文献综述的角度对不同尺度旅游线路模式的空间模型、目的地类型、游客旅行行为特征、模式选择影响因素以及理论基础进行了总结,在此基础上结合国内研究对旅游线路模式今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

Does Policy Diffusion Need Space? Spatializing the Dynamics of Policy Diffusion

For decades, scholars in multiple disciplines have examined spatial diffusion, or the spatiotemporal properties associated with the diffusion of innovations. These properties include contagious, hierarchical, and relocation diffusion. Each of these refers to a spatial model that epitomizes how innovations spread among geographic locations. Policy diffusion, a separate but homologous research tradition, had its theoretical underpinnings in spatial diffusion. However, contemporary policy diffusion has focused largely on mechanism‐based diffusion. This article demonstrates how exploratory spatial data analysis can be used to uncover spatial policy diffusion properties. In this study, municipal smoking regulation adoptions, religious‐based initiatives, and bag ban and bag fees are examined. This study finds evidence that for each policy more than one property is occurring; therefore, this study proposes that a hybrid model best explains diffusion. This article demonstrates how examining spatial diffusion properties, in addition to diffusion mechanisms, can improve the conceptualization of diffusion theories, enhance mechanism or theory‐based specification of diffusion models, and unravel the specific regional or neighboring causal pathways linking policies between adopting jurisdictions.     

多类型微博舆情时空分布关系的差异性及其地理规则

以新浪微博转发行为作为舆情时空分布的研究对象,分别选取4·20雅安地震事件代表重大社会舆情、凤凰古城收费事件代表公众生活舆情、郭某某事件代表网络热点舆情3类案例,总结不同类型微博舆情的时空分布特征及差异性,进而透视客观存在的地理规则。研究发现：①3类舆情事件微博转发量的时间分布分别表现为：长尾型、山峰型、多个时间段上的波浪型。②与时间轴对应的空间分布呈等级结构,信息扩散节点城市等级（转发量）结构还会表现出一定的空间伸缩变形或与距离衰减形成叠加关系,3类事件分别表现为：延续传统规律的“始终金字塔”结构、在相对较长时间过程中具有范围伸缩的“始终金字塔”结构、距离衰减影响下的“始终金字塔”结构。城市规模效应主导和距离摩擦阻尼效应影响构成网络信息空间分布的基本地理规则。③微博舆情时空分布的差异性与事件类型有关,并与不同微博用户的作用有关。微博用户的不平衡区域分布和其跨区域流动对信息空间分布产生直接影响。     

An Analysis of Arrow and String Bag Craft Variability in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea

ABSTRACT This paper describes an analysis of relationships between language, geography and material culture in the upper Sepik region of New Guinea. We used Mantel tests and principal coordinate analysis to assess and compare the associations between arrow and string bag crafts and language and geographical distance. The Mantel tests resulted in a significant association between each class’ craft variability and both geographical distance and language, however, after statistical control was applied to either of the independent variables only a significant association with geographical distance remained. We argue that these results indicate craft techniques were readily disseminated and that craft distributions are unlikely to reflect any deeper historical relationships between groups. The spatial autocorrelation of arrow crafts was particularly great. A comparison of the principal coordinate analysis plots indicates a greater degree of diffusion and synthesis had taken place between lowland and highland arrow craft traditions. We conclude that the more intensive learning regimes needed to master string bag craft techniques, as well as a greater degree of interdependence between string bag components, had ensured more abrupt differences between bag types resulting in a more moderate degree of spatial autocorrelation.     

Gibrat Revisited: An Urban Growth Model Incorporating Spatial Interaction and Innovation Cycles. 再评吉尔布瑞特：顾及空间相互作用和创新周期的城市增长模型

We designed a geographical model for simulating the distribution of urban growth in systems of cities. The model incorporates the hierarchical and spatial diffusion of innovation cycles through gravitational interactions within a set of cities. Using theoretical simulations, we demonstrate that this model is able to reproduce the observed properties of urban systems for the log‐normal distribution of city sizes as well as the observed distribution of growth rates. Our experimentation was performed on a large harmonized historical database that includes a few hundred French urban agglomerations between 1831 and 1999 (Pumain‐INED database). Both spatial interaction and innovation cycles are necessary ingredients to explain the evolution of urban hierarchies. We suggest that Gibrat's generic stochastic growth model based on independent entities should be replaced by a more relevant model of spatially and temporally interdependent geographical entities.     

Heritage designation and scale: a World Heritage case study of the Ningaloo Coast

As heritage research has engaged with a greater plurality of heritage practices, scale has emerged as an important concept in Heritage Studies, albeit relatively narrowly defined as hierarchical levels (household, local, national, etcetera). This paper argues for a definition of scale in heritage research that incorporates size (geographical scale), level (vertical scale) and relation (an understanding that scale is constituted through dynamic relationships in specific contexts). The paper utilises this definition of scale to analyse heritage designation first through consideration of changing World Heritage processes, and then through a case study of the world heritage designation of the Ningaloo Coast region in Western Australia. Three key findings are: both scale and heritage gain appeal because they are abstractions, and gain definition through the spatial politics of interrelationships within specific situations; the spatial politics of heritage designation comes into focus through attention to those configurations of size, level and relation that are invoked and enabled in heritage processes; and researchers choice to analyse or ignore particular scales and scalar politics are political decisions. Utilising scale as size, level and relation enables analyses that move beyond heritage to the spatial politics through which all heritage is constituted.     

长春市住宅价格空间分异与影响因素研究

基于持续年份住宅数据、利用空间热点分析和地理加权回归模型，对2011年以来长春市住宅价格分布的空间分异现象和住宅价格影响因素分布的空间异质性进行研究。结果显示：①近年来长春市住宅小区存在向内填充与向外扩散并进，圈层扩展和扇形放射融合的演化趋势，其中西南-东南扇面是居住空间扩展的主要方向；②2011年以来长春市住宅价格呈现出以南部为指向的扇面增长的空间特征，高价住宅街区由点状分布到片状扩散。通过半变异函数和冷热点聚类分析方法指出，长春市住宅空间的南北分异现象显著，住宅价格的低值与高值聚类以铁路为界线存在显著的空间隔离；③就POI数量而言，住宅小区周边银行保险、医疗、住宿、休闲娱乐数量对住宅价格产生较强影响，同时以上因素作用效应的空间差异性同样显著。     

Spatial Autoregressive Models for Geographically Hierarchical Data Structures

This article discusses how standard spatial autoregressive models and their estimation can be extended to accommodate geographically hierarchical data structures. Whereas standard spatial econometric models normally operate at a single geographical scale, many geographical data sets are hierarchical in nature—for example, information about houses nested into data about the census tracts in which those houses are found. Here we outline four model specifications by combining different formulations of the spatial weight matrix W and of ways of modeling regional effects. These are (1) groupwise W and fixed regional effects; (2) groupwise W and random regional effects; (3) proximity‐based W and fixed regional effects; and (4) proximity‐based W and random regional effects. We discuss each of these model specifications and their associated estimation methods, giving particular attention to the fourth. We describe this as a hierarchical spatial autoregressive model. We view it as having the most potential to extend spatial econometrics to accommodate geographically hierarchical data structures and as offering the greatest coming together of spatial econometric and multilevel modeling approaches. Subsequently, we provide Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms for implementing the model. We demonstrate its application using a two‐level land price data set where land parcels nest into districts in Beijing, China, finding significant spatial dependence at both the land parcel level and the district level.     

Spatial Diffusion of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Modeling Implications and Case Study of AIDS Incidence in Ohio

This paper extends a compartmental epidemiological model for HIV transmission and AIDS incidence to include hierarchical and expansion spatial diffusion. An implication of the resultant model is that hierarchical diffusion causes the large infection growth rates of densely populated areas at the top of the central places hierarchy to “chain” down and dominate small local growth rates during the exponential-growth phase of the epidemic. Also, hierarchical diffusion causes a high transient growth rate in the first few years of a local epidemic. The spatial compartmental model fits observed AIDS incidence spatial diffusion patterns in Ohio reasonably well.