故宫符望阁建筑装饰构件中珐琅釉的分析研究

本文使用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱、显微共聚焦拉曼及光学相干断层扫描等手段,对故宫宁寿宫花园符望阁内檐装修的两件掐丝珐琅构件的珐琅釉进行了分析研究,结果显示:黄色珐琅釉为铅-钾体系(Pb O-K2O-Si O2)玻璃,其他颜色珐琅釉基体为含硼的铅-钾-钙体系(Pb O-K2O-Ca O-Si O2)玻璃。珐琅釉的主要碱土元素助熔剂为钾,这暗示出使用的为本土配方。不同颜色珐琅釉的乳浊剂与着色剂种类各异,其使用规律与同时期玻璃、彩瓷制品存在一定的关联。样品表面气孔较多,与原料和烧制工艺有关,且存在使用蜂蜡混合颜料进行气孔填补的修补工艺。     

故宫藻井轩辕镜及配件的材料与工艺分析研究

紫禁城多个建筑的盘龙藻井中均悬有轩辕镜,但对轩辕镜的分析研究却很少。本研究采用多种仪器方法,对故宫万春亭藻井轩辕镜和画珐琅葫芦等配件进行了分析。万春亭轩辕镜的分析结果表明,轩辕镜玻璃基体为钾-铅玻璃,镀层采用了锡汞齐技术,生产时间晚于17世纪末;画珐琅葫芦配件的分析结果表明,画珐琅白色底釉组成与"玻璃白"原料相近,不同颜色珐琅釉基体均为钾-铅玻璃,黄色釉中铅锡黄同时发挥着色与乳浊的作用,蓝色釉为砷酸铅乳浊,胭脂红色为金红发色,棕色勾线呈色物质为赤铁矿。画珐琅釉料大部分经过预熔处理,绘制时按照白色底釉、棕色线条、其他色釉的顺序施加,最后烧制而成。     

故宫南大库出土黑地珐琅彩瓷的科学分析和工艺研究

2014年故宫南大库考古遗址出土了一件被认为是瓷胎画珐琅的雍正黑地彩瓷残件,本文采用光学显微镜、X射线荧光光谱分析、显微拉曼和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)等无损分析方法对该件彩瓷进行了分析。结果显示,通过LIBS测定的彩瓷表面的黑色彩料中含硼,符合前人研究中测试的珐琅料的化学组成特征;黑色彩料中的着色元素包括钴、铁和锰,黄色彩料含有的着色元素为锑和锡,红色彩料由金着色,绿色彩料由铜着色。本件珐琅彩瓷可能采用了受西方工艺影响的珐琅料与中国传统低温釉彩相结合的工艺。     

雍正瓷胎珐琅彩牡丹纹碗

翰海今年秋拍推出一件“雍正御制”款瓷胎紫地珐琅彩牡丹纹碗,其典雅的风姿和超凡的贵族气质,对于陶瓷爱好者和收藏者来说,观之犹如一位传说中的美丽公主,定会过目不忘。瓷胎珐琅彩的正确称谓应该是瓷胎画珐琅。因为以珐琅彩入画的有铜胎画珐琅、瓷胎画珐琅和料胎画珐琅之分。珐琅是一种较软的玻璃料,若在里面加上不同的金属氧化物作为呈色剂,用油调和便成为珐琅彩。瓷胎画珐琅器始于清代康熙末年,全盛于雍正朝,乾隆中晚期以后逐渐式微,以至消失。清宫瓷胎珐琅器应该是以宫廷生产为主,由江西景德镇官窑提供优质瓷胎,所用彩料由西洋进口或宫…     

故宫宁寿宫装饰彩瓷嵌片釉彩料的分析研究

故宫宁寿宫花园延趣楼、萃赏楼内檐装修釉上彩瓷装饰嵌片,是研究乾隆时期釉上彩瓷的珍贵标本。本研究采用X射线荧光能谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪和实体显微镜,对乾隆时期釉上彩瓷样品进行无损分析。结果表明,蓝色、胭脂红色釉彩的基底釉为铅钾玻璃,白色、黄色、黄绿色、绿色釉彩的基底釉为铅玻璃。白彩的乳浊剂和着色剂为砷酸铅;蓝彩的乳浊剂为砷酸铅,着色元素为Co;黄彩为铅锡黄Ⅱ型乳浊及着色;黄绿彩为铅锡黄Ⅱ型和Cu共同作用;胭脂红彩为Au着色;绿彩为Cu着色;黑彩需覆盖透明绿彩于珠明料上才能完全发色;橘红彩为赤铁矿着色和乳浊;棕彩则为赤铁矿和Mn、Co共同着色。本研究成果可为乾隆时期釉上彩瓷的原料与工艺研究提供基础数据。     

清宫雍正粉彩瓷

粉彩是我国瓷器釉上彩绘的一种独特装饰方法,也是景德镇传统彩绘瓷品种之一,因彩料中含有玻璃白粉而得名。这种“玻璃白”粉实际上是一种含氧化砷的玻璃白,由于砷的乳蚀作用,使所有颜色都“粉化”成不同深浅浓淡的色调。一个色可以分出多种色阶,描画纹饰可以更加细致入微。粉彩出现于清代康熙晚期,最初是受珐琅彩制作工艺影响而创造出来的。其烧     

秀美雅致的清代粉彩瓷

粉彩瓷器,是在五彩基础上受珐琅彩制作工艺的影响于康熙年间创烧的釉上彩新品种。其独特之处,是在白色彩料(玻璃白)中加入了砷作为乳浊元素。其作用是对各种色彩进行“粉化”,例如使红彩变成粉红色,绿彩变成淡绿色,蓝彩改成淡蓝色,使之色调温润柔和。同时借助改变玻璃白的加入量,使之色阶增多,“化”成一系列不同深浅浓淡的色调,这样就使釉上彩的色调品种在原来五彩基础上大大增加。此外还可使瓷器装饰画面采用中国画中的渲染手法。在粉彩没有发明之前,我国彩瓷都是单线平涂,所作花卉缺乏立体感。自从发明了玻璃白之后,在瓷器上面绘画花朵、…     

秀美雅致的清代粉影瓷

粉彩瓷器,是在五彩基础上受珐琅彩制作工艺的影响于康熙年间创烧的釉上彩新品种。其独特之处,是在白色彩料（玻璃白）中加入了砷作为乳浊元素。其作用是对各种色彩进行“粉化”,例如使红彩变成粉红色,绿彩变成淡绿色,蓝彩改成淡蓝色,使之色调温润柔和。同时借助改变玻璃白的加入量,使之色阶增多,“化”成一系列不同深浅浓淡的色调,这样就使釉上彩的色调品种在原来五彩基础上大大增加。     

清宫珐琅彩瓷

清宫珐琅彩瓷的正式名称应为瓷胎画珐琅,在故宫旧藏的档案和器物的原始标签上都是这样称谓的。中国古代彩瓷从广义而言,包括“釉下彩”、“釉中彩”、“釉上彩”以及釉下彩与釉上彩相结合的“斗彩”四大门类,具体地讲有青化、釉里红、素三彩、五彩、红绿彩、金彩、墨彩、珐琅彩等品种。最早用彩斑装饰瓷器釉面始于西晋的褐斑青瓷,此后经隋、唐,历宋、     

元代与康熙掐丝珐琅球形香熏辨识略谈

珐琅釉是以石英、瓷土、长石、硼砂及金属矿物为原料,经烧炼、研磨而成,与瓷器表面的釉同属玻璃态物质。将珐琅釉敷涂于金、铜等金属器表面,即称珐琅器。根据制作工艺的区别,我们可以将珐琅器大体分为掐丝珐琅与画珐琅两大类。掐丝珐琅始见于元代①,明初文物鉴赏名家曹昭称其为“大食窑”②。元代掐丝珐琅器的基本特征是:珐琅质地坚硬、细腻、肥厚、砂眼少;釉色主要包括天蓝、翠绿、深绿、红、黄、白等几种,颜色纯正、均匀、鲜艳、明快,介乎透与不透之间;掐丝熟练,丝边较光滑;纹饰仅见缠枝莲一种,花较大,叶长而尖,分三层。为使珐琅粘牢,在花…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.