恽寿平的花卉图册写花卉本色 创一代画风

清代初期的中国绘画,艺术风格上在直承明末余绪的基础上,开始了新历史条件下的开拓、变异和发展,呈现出风格各异、流派林立、名家辈出的繁盛局面。而当时占据清初画坛统治地位的是强调传统笔墨的“四王吴恽”,即王时敏、王鉴、王(羽军)、王原祁、吴历和恽寿平,也就是所谓“清初六家”。六家中,四王和吴历皆擅山水,惟恽寿平除山水之外尤精花卉,他在继承前人技法的基础上,创造出有自己独特格调的“没骨花卉”,对明末清初的花鸟画坛有“起衰之功”,影响着有清一代画     

书画

南陈北崔明末清初画家陈洪绶和崔子忠以画人物著名,作品造型都较奇特,富于装饰性。陈洪绶字章侯,号老莲,浙江诸暨人,崔子忠字道母,号青引,山东莱阳人:二人并称"南陈北崔"陈洪绶也擅长画花鸟,山水(图一)。四王吴恽明末清初画家王时敏、王鉴、王翚、王原祁、吴历、恽寿平六人的合称。王时敏字逊     

隋唐五代的特殊贵族─—二王三恪

隋唐五代的特殊贵族─—二王三恪谢元鲁一二王三恪,是魏晋南北朝到隋唐五代时期,对前代王朝末代帝王及其后裔的特殊称号。这一时期先后覆亡的王朝末代帝王,有许多被封爵为王、公或侯,总称为二王三恪。其子孙世袭爵位和封号,成为特殊的贵族,最长的家族延续近四个世纪...     

龚贤绘画美学思想

龚贤(1618—1689),是生活在明末清初的一位杰出的山水画家、诗人,又是一位颇有建树的绘画理论家.他的绘画美学思想见之于他的《画诀》、《龚半千课徒画说》、《柴丈画说》等山水画技法著作,但更多地发表在他的题跋、书札中.一、传统、生活与创造明末清初,以董其昌为首的松江派和“四王”为首的娄东派、虞山派,统治着当时的画坛,他们的创作严重脱离生活,主张“以古人为师,已自     

地下星座风烟

北京曾是五朝古都,文物古迹极其丰富。特别是她的皇陵和王坟正以其特殊的历史地位,优美的风光环境,极具魅力的研究价值和旅游观赏价值吸引着各界人士。拨开掩在这些皇陵、王墓上的历史烟云,我们看到:     

王原祁《仿高房山山水图》与《仿高克恭山水图》真伪辨

清初的画坛以“四王吴恽”。为首,他们占据着清初画坛的正统地位。相对来说,“四王”中的王辈与王原祁,在绘画艺术上取得了较大的成就,如王翠开创了“虞山派”、王原祁开创了“娄东派”。他们对清代山水画的发展产生过重大影响,影响整个清代山水画三百年。     

毛奇龄与明末清初的学术

明末清初，是中国历史上一个大动荡、大变化的特殊历史时期。伴随明王朝江山的倾覆和清统治政权的建立，当时的学术思想界进行了一次前所未有的深刻反省。许多经历了“神州荡覆，宗社丘墟”这～血与火洗礼的总想家、学者，在痛定思痛的同时，不约而同地把批判的锋芒指向明末空疏的学风乃至数百年来占据思想界统治地位的理学。他们强调经世致用，注重解决现实社会问题，大力倡导读书，致力于开启新的治学途径和研究领域。风气所趋，不仅形成了明末清初具有批判和求实精神的崭新学风，而且最终促成了由宋明理学到清代汉学的转变。而在明末清初…     

年汝邻与18世纪的仿古山水画

清代中期以前,大致在18世纪,是中国晚期绘画史上具有重要意义的关键时期。唐宋绘画的气势雄健,元代绘画的淡雅荒疏,明代绘画的文人逸致,到明末清初“四僧”、“四王”的变古与复古,古典中国画至此基本终结。一般认为,近代中国画的起点是19世纪后期的海派,这从时间上与中国社会的近代化是合拍的。但作为海派先导的活动于18世纪的“扬州八怪”,从作品风貌来看也完全可以纳入近代中国画的体系。     

王了望《得怀素自叙贴》跋语赏析

王了望生活在明末清初,甘肃陇西人,为陇上著名诗人、书法家。纵观其书法,气势汹涌,酣畅淋漓,既有明清行草书之风格,又自成一体、独具特色。本文阐述了王了望的书法艺术价值及墨迹《得怀素自叙贴》跋语的创作过程。此作文书俱佳,为传世之珍品,现藏陇西县博物馆。     

泉石膏肓 长世无怀-明末清初“金陵画派”的形成及特色简

明末清初是中国绘画史上最具有创造活力的一个历史时期，诞生了一大批在中国绘画史上极具有影响力的中国画家，绘画流派纷呈。“金陵画派”即是明末清初崛起的一个非常重要的地域性绘画流派，在中国绘画史上占据有再要的地位。     

Machiavelli’s passions

In his years as Florentine Secretary, Machiavelli repeatedly faced the problem of interpreting the gestures and words of statesmen that were masters of deception. The strategy he developed to uncover these statesmen’s intentions was based on the analysis of human passions, on uncovering the fundamental trait that defined a man’s character. I apply Machiavelli’s strategy of interpretation to Machiavelli himself and uncover the irreconcilable disconnect which shaped his personal tragedy. On one hand, he related to his objects of desire by entirely abandoning himself to them, regardless of how unachievable they were. On the other, to obtain these objects of desire his analytical mind developed strategies which took pride in their adherence to what he called the “effectual truth of the matter.” His incapacity to reconsider his objectives in light of the means at his disposal and his tendency to transfer all of himself into his objectives determined Machiavelli’s successes and failures. He repeatedly failed when he had to set his own goals, or when he approached a problem with empathy. He succeeded when he was given precise and limited objectives and when he understood that he did not share the goals of those he was studying.     

鲁迅的文献学成就

在文献学方面,鲁迅的成就主要体现在辑佚、校勘和考证等三个方面。在辑佚方面,他力求穷尽所有资料,所辑佚文无论是数量还是质量都堪称一流;在校勘方面,他精通版本之学,对校勘原则有深刻的把握,能够熟练运用各种校勘方法;在考证方面,他主要利用比较的方法、推理与实证相结合的方法以及钩稽之法来考辨史实,解决疑难问题。     

The playwright who dramatised his own war record: a reassessment of William Douglas-Home’s accounts of his refusal to fight for the liberation of Le Havre

At a court martial in October 1944, William Douglas-Home was convicted of wilfully disobeying a lawful command because he claimed a moral justification to do so. Cashiered and jailed for his offence, he would return to the events that occasioned his refusal throughout a long career as a playwright. In his post-war accounts, Mr Douglas-Home developed a defence of his decision that depicted it as principled. He submitted petitions in which he sought to overturn retrospectively the court martial ruling. This essay argues that he concocted the accounts of his actions on which his efforts to revise the record were based.     

Politician or Poet? The 6th Lord Byron in the House of Lords, 1809–13

Lord George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale, is known internationally as, perhaps, the most famous Romantic poet of his generation. His work continues to be read across the globe. As a peer (succeeding to the title following the death of his great uncle, the 5th Baron Byron, in 1798) he was entitled to a seat in the Lords, and this article covers the period during which he was active in the House. He took his seat in 1809, but most of his work in the Lords took place between early 1812 and the summer of 1813. Thereafter, his financial troubles, his stellar literary career, and his personal problems, led him to spend little or no time in the House, and he lived abroad between 1816 and his death in 1824. In 1812, before he had become known for his poetry, except among a small London elite, he began actively to cultivate a political career, and he made his maiden speech on the Framework Knitters Bill in 1812. Byron was a prolific letter writer, and from his published correspondence as well as other sources of contemporary information, it is possible to document his growing career in the upper House, and to see how a young peer might make his way into politics in the absence of a particular sponsor.     

Walter Taylor and the history of American archaeology

Walter Taylor’s place in the history of archaeology is well secured. Not only is he noted for his uncredited anticipation of the theoretical and methodological innovations of the 1960s and 1970s in his infamous book A Study of Archeology, but he is also well-known for committing professional suicide by short-sightedly attacking numerous key figures in American archaeology for their methodological shortfalls, and yet never publishing a report utilizing his controversial method. Although these statements have inundated the historical literature on American archaeology, they are received wisdom rather than the reality of Taylor’s contributions to the field. Many aspects of Taylor’s conjunctive approach were at odds with the stated aims of processual archaeology. Although Taylor did not live up to his critics’ (or his own) demands for a grand display of his approach, he did on several occasions demonstrate its potential. The irony of Taylor in the history of archaeology is not that he was uncredited for his prescience or that his attacks on the archaeological establishment were a naïve failure; but rather that he receives too much credit for what he didn’t do, and not enough for what he did.     

The Politics of Communist Biography: Alfred Kantorowicz and the Spanish Civil War

After the German communist author Alfred Kantorowicz's breakwith Communism in 1957, he was lionized by his supporters asan icon of humanism and antifascism, and vilified by his formerallies as a turncoat and traitor. In his autobiographical writings,Kantorowicz portrayed himself as a victim of Stalinism, whohad always been opposed to the authoritarian and repressiveaspects of Communism. Again and again he returned to his timein the International Brigades as a way of illustrating bothhis commitment to antifascism and the betrayal of grassrootsCommunism by the party leadership. But contemporary recordsreveal a more ambiguous picture: not only was Kantorowicz along-time functionary, he was also more involved in the repressiveaspects of Communism than he later cared to admit. This articleargues that, like many ex-Communist biographies of the ColdWar, Kantorowicz's memoirs are shot through with retrospectiveself-justification. Given his post-1957 loathing for Communism,he needed to explain why he had joined the party in the firstplace, and then remained an active member for twenty-five years.By organizing his life around the dichotomies of footsoldiersand functionaries, antifascism and Stalinism, and censorshipand truth, Kantorowicz was able to avoid discussing his ownculpability as a Communist functionary.     

The Real vs the Imaginary: Sir William Chambers on the Chinese Garden

Sir William Chambers was one of the most important English architects in the eighteenth-century, but both in his day and later his international recognition was closely connected with his admiration for and promotion of Chinese art, particularly Chinese landscaping. Between 1757 and 1773, Chambers published three treatises praising the ingenious mixture of nature and art in a Chinese pleasure ground, criticizing the then influential English gardener Lancelot (Capability) Brown, and trying to goad English garden design into the direction of China. He did not achieve his purposes mainly because he mixed what he knew as genuine about the Chinese gardening art with what he fantasized about it. While recent scholarship has focused on his fantasy, this article examines what Chambers knew or imagined about Chinese landscaping, what he and his detractors were for and against, and how the fiasco of his 1772 and 1773 treatises, which he brought upon himself, nevertheless helped to usher in a new phase in the English reception of Chinese landscaping ideas.     

Yusuf Islam (aka Cat Stevens) and his anti-war and pro-peace protest songs: from hippy peace to Islamic peace

ABSTRACT

In the 1970s Yusuf Islam (aka Cat Stevens) inspired a generation with his songs on anti-materialism, finding self and peace in such classic albums as Tea for the Tillerman (1970, US 3x platinum) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971, US 3x platinum). In December 1977 he converted to Islam, gave up popular music and focussed on humanitarian and educational work, until he returned to popular music in 2006. Meanwhile, Muslims became associated in the West as intolerant and violent. Yusuf has emerged in the last decade as a voice for progressive Muslims. This article explores the continuities in his music from his Cat Stevens days to his comeback and how he has reconciled popular music and his Cat Stevens past with his understanding of Islam. The focus is on his anti-war and pro-peace songs. It argues that his earlier songs are similar in their messages of world peace through love and unity, though less dark than his post-2006 songs. Additionally, his recent songs have a new message that the world must be more inclusive to achieve world peace. This is connected to him being a Muslim in the West and his feeling of exclusion, in an age when many in the West portray all Muslims as extremists. Consequently, in his recent music he reflects his experience as a Muslim, in the same way as his earlier music reflected the counter-culture of that period. Thus he has gone back to his earlier self after adopting a progressive understanding of Islam. Not Started Completed Rejected.     

民族主义内在的困境——陈独秀国家观从民族主义到自由主义的转变

在近代中国思想史上,陈独秀堪称思想历程最为曲折的人物之一.早年他服膺民族主义,后来转奉自由主义(民主主义),又转而信仰社会主义(共产主义),晚年他的思想走向社会主义、自由主义和民族主义的大综合.本文所考察的,是陈独秀从民族主义到自由主义的转变,以及这次转变所呈现的民族主义的内在困境.     

The Dubious Choice of an Enemy: The Unprovoked Animosity of Matteo Ricci against Buddhism

In 1595, Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), the legendary founder of the Jesuit China mission, notably switched his visual and sartorial affiliation from Buddhism to Confucianism. Before 1595, he was clad and tonsured like a Buddhist priest. After 1595, he not only refashioned his exterior self in the style of a Confucian scholar but also presented himself as an ambiguous defender of Confucian orthodoxy against the corruption of Buddhism. Deliberate and unprovoked, Ricci’s bold and consciously publicized campaign against Buddhism revealed his profound insight into the relationship of both competition and complement among native Chinese philosophical and religious traditions which he sought to utilize for his apostolic purposes. However, as this essay argues, the same public display of his ideological antagonism also exposed serious limitations of his cultural understanding, because it did not and could not lead to the result which he had desired.