中亚国家的民族政策：理论与实践

本文主要论述中亚五国-哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、土库曼斯坦和塔吉克斯坦-独立10年来民族理论和民族政策的变化情况以及它们在民族工作方面存在的问题。文章认为,中亚国家在不断反思,修正苏联时期的民族理论和借鉴他国民族工作经验的基础上,提出了自己的民族理论,并制定了大致适合本国国情的民族政策,保证了国内形势的稳定,但由于一些理论观点还不够系统、成熟和条理化,民族政策还缺乏具体,周密的保障措施,为此,中亚国家的民族理论和民族政策还须不断完善。     

重读斯大林民族（нация）定义——读书笔记之二：苏联民族国家体系的构建与斯大林对民族定义的再阐发

苏联是由多个苏维埃“民族国家”组成的国际联盟,也是多民族的“民族国家”的实验。在构建苏联民族国家体系的过程中,列宁提出的建国思想通过斯大林民族定义的具体实践付诸实施。根据苏联民族国家体系的构建实践,斯大林对民族定义又进行了新的阐发。     

近年来俄罗斯史学界有关苏联民族关系史的研究状况

苏联是世界上的大国,也是一个有100多个民族的民族关系最为复杂的国家,其国内存在的民族问题早在帝俄时期就是各界关注的一个重点。如何处理好民族问题既是十月革命后布尔什维克党面临的一个主要问题,也是苏联70多年发展历程中的一个主要问题。苏联解体后,俄罗斯学者加大了对苏联民族关系史的关注,出版了大量关于民族关系史的资料集、学术论文和学术专著．提出了一些同以前完全不同的观点。     

加强辽宁省民族政策建设的思考

党的十一届三中全会以来,辽宁省委、省政府结合辽宁的实际,制定了一系列解决民族问题的方针和政策,这些政策通过几十年的落实实践,使全省少数民族和民族地区的各项事业取得了很大成绩。但是,伴随着改革开放以来辽宁的民族关系出现的新情况、新问题,如何顺应市场经济的运行规律,对民族政策进行相应的调整和完善,以巩固和发展平等、团结、互助、和谐的民族关系,这是摆在全省各级党委、政府以及民族工作部门面前的一个十分重要而紧迫的课题。本文根据笔者近年对辽宁省民族政策执行情况的调查,仅就部分民族政策的落实情况、实践中出现的问题以及加强有关民族政策建设等方面,提出一些粗浅认识和看法。     

辽宁省少数民族人口现状、特点及存在问题

加强民族人口统计工作和民族人口调查研究工作,根据变化着的社会经济和人口状况,及时制定和调整民族人口政策,使少数民族人口素质不断提高,人口构成趋于合理,人口再生产和社会经济发展逐步协调。是民族工作的重要内容之一。本是在全国第五次人口普查,辽宁省少数民族人口数据统计分析的基础上,对少数民族人口基本现状及发展面临的主要问题进行探讨和研究。     

民族问题与苏联解体——欧、美学界的研究

本文将欧、美学界从民族问题的视角对苏联解体原因的研究归纳为八个方面,认为这些研究成果对于我们更加深入地分析苏联解体的原因,更加全面地总结社会主义革命和建设的经验、教训,探讨当代国际社会及多民族国家妥善处理民族问题的方式,具有重要的参考价值。     

缅甸各民族及中缅跨界民族

绚甸联邦是-个多民族、多宗教的国家,也是一个相对较为封闭、落后的国家.缅甸的北部与中国接壤,在这一区域内有许多民族跨中、缅两国边界而居.中国民族学界对于缅甸各民族的研究非常薄弱.由于我们对缅甸的民族划分、各民族的历史源流情况了解不够,以致中、缅跨界民族的研究也受到影响,甚至我们在分析、描述它们的情况时,也只能按照中国相关的民族称谓来进行.对缅甸各民族以及中、缅跨界民族的研究,有待进一步深入和加强.     

重读斯大林民族（нация）定义——读书笔记之三：苏联多民族国家模式中的国家与民族（нация）

构建多民族的社会主义民族国家是列宁的建国思想;在建立各个民族国家的基础上实现苏维埃国际联盟是苏联建国的初始设计。斯大林模式主导的苏联中央集权体制不仅形成了各个民族无“国家”和联盟无“民族”的民族国家二元冲突结构,而且导致了苏联在反对民族主义的斗争中向沙俄帝国的回归,造成了国家认同与民族认同的分离。但是,这并不意味着斯大林民族定义之科学意义的丧失或过时。错误的实践既包括错误理论的指导,也包括对正确理论的错误理解或背离。     

由苏联纸钞看苏联国徽的变迁

<正>苏联在它存续的69年中,随着地域的不断变化,其国徽也在不断修改,具体表现在其发行的纸币上。1922年12月,俄罗斯联邦、乌克兰、白俄罗斯及南高加索联邦(阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚三国组成)等四个苏维埃社会主义共和国组成苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟。苏联国徽在1923年9月22日完成全部设计。苏联国徽由旭日照耀的地球之上的铁锤与镰     

俄罗斯化是苏联民族问题的一个方面

苏联民族问题表现是多方面的,但主要是俄罗斯化问题。本文试用对比的方法,通过不同国家不同民族情况来说明苏联俄罗斯化问题,供大家分析研究。一、为俄罗斯化服务的苏联民族理论 1、苏联学术界“创造”社会主义部族和资产阶级部族用意可在?过去大家比较熟悉的苏联民族形成模式是:氏族——部落——部族——民族。     

Population Trends in the Russian Federation: Reflections on the Legacy of Soviet Censorship and Distortions of Demographic Statistics

A noted demographer assesses the reliability of data in the 1989 census of the Soviet Union for 14 regions of the Russian Federation affected by distortions designed by Soviet authorities to conceal the populations of "secret towns" of the military-industrial complex. More specifically, using declassified population data available but only selectively published following the disclosure of these hidden settlements (and their populations) in 1994, he re-estimates the urban populations of these regions in 1989, and compares differences in 1989-2002 population change indicated by use of the original and adjusted 1989 data sets. Distortions of up to 10 percent of the regional populations (and as high as 13 percent for their eponymous regional capitals) are examined in light of their implications for the calculation of a variety of demographic and population-based indicators in studies of Russia comparing the late Soviet and early post-Soviet periods. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O18, R23. 8 tables, 35 references.     

THE “RUSSIFICATION” OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE USSR

Among the avowed social policies of the Soviet Union are modernization and industrialization, which may be combined under the label of Sovietization, and the spread of Russian language and culture within the USSR, which may be termed Russianization. But there is also a third process at work in which non-Russians lose their ethnic identity in favor of identification with Russian culture. This process, which may be called "Russification," can be measured by the number of non-Russians who declare Russian to be their first language in the census. The authors use correlation analysis and principal components analysis to identify the factors that promote or hinder the Russification process.     

The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia

An American specialist on urbanization and population dynamics in the countries of the former Soviet Union examines changes in Ukraine's population revealed by analysis of that country's first post-Soviet census (2001). Among the more salient developments examined in this second-largest post-Soviet republic are extremely high rates of natural population decrease among Ukrainians and Russians alike, a substantial exodus of ethnic Russians from Ukraine (and in some cases their ethnic re-identification as Ukrainians) with major implications for nationality distribution both at the national and regional levels, and interesting trends involving other minority nationalities such as (Crimean) Tatars, Armenians, and Jews. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O18, R23. 3 figures, 7 tables, 25 references.     

Entitlement through numbers: nationality and language categories in the first post‐Soviet census of Kazakhstan*

Abstract. The post‐independence censuses in virtually all post‐Soviet states have become contested tools of nation‐building and ethnic entitlements. No state was politically more determined and psychologically more anxious to conduct its population census than Kazakhstan, in which the eponymous Kazakhs did not constitute a majority. The article points at political and identity pressures that made it inevitable that the first post‐Soviet census produce the ‘right’ numbers and officialise the anticipated majority status of Kazakhs in the multiethnic state. By analysing the census data on language, it shows how the state has constructed a politically desirable form of linguistic reality by altering the established category ‘native language’ in the census. This not only offers a compelling rationale for ethnic and linguistic entitlements, but also seeks to demonstrate the ‘success’ of the state's language policy.     

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE SOVIET UNION

Analysis of spatial patterns of attained educational levels is helpful in understanding the cultural geography of an area, perhaps especially in the Soviet Union, with its many ethnic groups and stated aim of providing equality of education regardless of ethnicity or sex. The proportion of the population that had completed a higher education was mapped at oblast level from 1970 census data. High rates are found in certain urban areas, Estonia and Latvia, Georgia, and certain sparsely populated areas of the Far North, Siberia, and the Far East. There are regional patterns of disparity between male and female rates of completed higher education and between rural and urban rates, despite Soviet attempts to reduce these inequalities. The distribution of Soviet higher educational institutions conforms generally to the distribution of population, although access to higher education opportunities appears to be geographically limited in some regions. (Maps by Joann L. Krupa, George Mason University.)     

Population Trends in a Contested Pseudo-State: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh

A U.S. population geographer specializing in the former Soviet Union surveys the results of an October 2005 census conducted in a contested pseudo-state known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR). Data from the enumeration provide the first credible information about recent population characteristics, including nationality composition and migration from the war-torn republic. The data make it possible to ascertain the crude magnitudes of population losses in the republic's constituent rayons as well as changes resulting from deaths and expulsion of ethnic Armenians and/or Azerbaijanis. Changes documented since the last (1989) Soviet census in the region indicate that the current republic's population differs quite dramatically from that of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan, complicating efforts to broker a lasting peace agreement between the pseudostate's two neighbors. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O18, R23, 1 figure, 1 table, 36 references.     

中国俄国史研究百年检视与思考

中俄交往始于蒙古西征和金帐汗国时代(1238-1480年),中国学人撰写俄国史自1878年刊印的鹭江奇迹人的《俄国志略》,到今天已经有整整140年的历史。中国的俄国史学科伴随民族命运、国家危机以及世界形势的变化而生,自诞生之日起即负有学人情怀、民族重任和学术职责三重使命。因此,俄国史学科在中国一直发挥着“知夷”和“盗火”的两大作用。中华人民共和国成立后,俄国史(包括苏联时期和俄罗斯联邦时期)研究获得了70年的巨大发展,主要成就有:1985年中国苏联东欧史研究会成立(1992年英文更名为中国俄罗斯东欧中亚史研究会),高等院校、社会科学院、党校、国家有关部委及党政机构纷纷设立俄国史或俄罗斯问题研究机构,建立了从历史学学士、俄国史硕士到俄国史博士的三级专业人才培养体系,俄国史和俄罗斯问题研究的专业期刊创立并连续出版,大量的俄国通史、中俄(中苏)关系史、专题著作、各类教科书、翻译著作(来自俄文、英法、法文、德文、波兰文等)出版,中国俄国史学者积极参与国际学术会议和国际合作研究,具有中国特色的中国“俄罗斯学”新学科正在建立过程中。     

Imperial nationalism as the driver behind Russia's invasion of Ukraine

The roots of Russia's invasion of Ukraine are to be found in two areas. The first is the revival of Tsarist imperial nationalist and White Russian émigré nationalist denials of the existence of Ukraine and Ukrainians. Russian imperial nationalists believe the eastern Slavs constitute a pan Russian nation of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russian branches of one Russian nation. The second is the cult of the Great Patriotic War and Joseph Stalin and the revival of Soviet era discourse on Ukrainian Nazis (i.e., nationalists). A Ukrainian nationalist in the Soviet Union and Vladimir Putin's Russia is any Ukrainian who seeks a future for his/her country outside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Russian World and who upholds an ethnic Ukrainian (rather than a Little Russian) identity. The Russian World is the new core of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russian President Vladimir Putin's alternative to the EU's Eastern Partnership. In the contemporary domain, Ukrainian nationalists are Nazi's irrespective of their language preference or political beliefs and if they do not accept they are Little Russians. Putin's invasion goal of denazification is a genocidal goal to eradicate the ‘anti-Russia’ that has allegedly been nurtured by Ukrainian nationalists and the West.     

Regional Distribution of the Muslim Population of Russia

Drawing on the results of the 2002 population census in Russia, an American geographer examines the size and spatial distribution of ethnic groups classified as Muslim. Methods of classification and issues with enumerating the Muslim population and changes since the 1989 census are described and analyzed. Considerable attention is paid to the implications of such a large and territorially concentrated Muslim population under conditions in the post- Soviet era. Demographic, social, and economic differences between Muslims and the rest of the population of Russia are examined. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I00, J10, O18. 2 figures, 6 tables, 53 references.     

The futures of ethnic groups in the Russian Federation

The changes, sometimes dramatic, in the size and structure of the ethnic groups of the Russian Federation (RF) raise questions about their possible futures. The paper presents simulations of how ethnic groups of the RF could develop in the future and discusses the demographic aspects of the predicted changes. The simulations cover a 25-year period, from 1 January 2011 to 1 January 2036 and were prepared for the 22 most numerous ethnic groups using a multistate cohort-component population dynamics model. To prepare the assumptions for the simulations, ethnicity-specific data (no longer collected) on fertility, mortality, and international migration were used. The results indicate that in the coming 20 years Russia will face numerous challenges related to the changes in the size, age structure, and ethnic composition of its population. The population of the RF will age and, except in the “Modernization” scenario, will shrink. Non-Slavic and Muslim populations will increase their share in the total population at the expense of Slavic and Orthodox ethnic groups and will age more slowly.