Measuring or Creating Attitudes? Seventy Years of Australian Public Opinion Polling about Indonesia

This article critically evaluates the relationship between public opinion polling and foreign affairs. It plots key trends in public opinion polls of Australian attitudes towards Indonesia from the 1940s to the present day. Despite variations in polling companies and questions, Australian attitudes to Indonesia appear surprisingly stable, especially since the 1970s. Reading across multiple polls over this period reveals that, both as a mass and among individuals, Australians held complex views in which positive appraisals of Indonesian people and culture co-existed with an underlying fear of Indonesia as a potential military threat. Yet rather than accepting these findings at face value, this article calls for nuanced scrutiny of the role played by polling companies and the media in the construction and representation of so-called “public” opinion. Sensitive to recent developments in the historiography of public opinion polling, it suggests that public opinion polls not only attempted to measure Australian attitudes towards Indonesia, but also helped construct Indonesia as an object of popular and political concern.     

Does foreign policy represent the views of the public? Assessing public and elite opinion on New Zealand's foreign policy

This article1 1. We would like to thank Philip Nel, Robert Patman, Steve Hoadley and Chris Rudd for their advice and overall contribution to this research project. We would also like to thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. View all notes investigates public opinion on New Zealand's foreign policy, drawing on the findings of a comprehensive poll of general public and elite opinion conducted in 2008. It analyses what New Zealanders think about a range of foreign policy issues and whether public opinion matches actual foreign policy. It argues that the majority of the public support the broad parameters of official policy, but that there are significant differences of opinion in some specific areas, particularly trade agreements and defence. These differences correspond in particular to political orientation and age, gender and income level. The article also outlines the key differences between public opinion and the opinion of the positional elite. Overall, it is argued that the New Zealand public does have clear opinions on foreign policy issues and that these are generally consistent. The article proposes more frequent polling and more public debate over foreign policy.     

The Heroic Presidency in the Era of Divided Government

Abstract

Contemporary democratic theorists focus on democratic processes to the exclusion of the substantive goods which motivated their predecessors. This undermines the legitimacy of democracy, especially in an era of emerging democracies. This article critiques underlying deficiencies in contemporary theory and prescribes revisiting early modern, natural-law-based democratic theory exemplified by John Locke. Locke argued that the ultimate legitimacy of democratic processes depends on their serving the good of the people, as distinct from the will of the people. The authors argue that this conclusion is unavoidable, because it is impossible for democratic legitimacy to rest ultimately on any kind of process at all, even a democratic process. Legitimacy must rest on a substantive norm used to govern (create or repair) processes. Contemporary democratic theory seems unwilling to revisit this important problem.     

Karl Loewenstein,Max Lerner,and militant democracy: an appeal to ‘strong democracy’

ABSTRACT

In the 1930s Loewenstein responded to the ease with which the Nazi Party rose to power within parliamentary democracy. In America Lerner echoed Loewenstein’s call for a ‘militant democracy’, but identified a different ‘enemy within’ – rogue capitalist interests. Loewenstein’s response to populism was an ‘authoritarian democracy’, whereas Lerner wished to embrace the people in a public engagement. This paper seeks a middle path towards a conception of democracy that avoids the vicissitudes of transient majorities without yielding the ground to either transient or entrenched minorities. In its modern guise of ‘neoliberalism’, corporate capitalism has made inroads into the sensibilities of democrats, and needs to be confronted by a notion of ‘strong democracy’ expressed through the engagement of whole populations.     

抗战胜利前后中间党派对民主的诠释：以经济民主为中心

加世纪40年代,中间党派及自由知识分子为反对国民党垄断国家资源的一党专政体制,提出了融政治民主、经济民主、教育民主、国际民主于一炉的社会民主主义理论。这种民主观试图扩大民主的范围,其目标是社会方方面面皆民主化,以保障人权和实现社会正义,体现了超时代的理想主义色彩。中间党派对社会民主主义的颂扬,具有反抗国民党专制统治的进步意义,是近代中国民主宪政运动史留给后人的一笔精神财富。     

试论协商民主何以成为可能——基于理性分析的视角

20世纪后20年,一种新型的民主理论一协商民主在西方政治学界开始兴起、发展,并成为人们讨论和研究的焦点。作为一种可能的新型民主,从理性分析的视角来看,协商民主能够化解自由与秩序的矛盾,维护社会的平等和正义,能够在公开的理性下实现政治的合法性,解决现有民主制度的困境与挑战。     

试论公元前5世纪中期雅典的陪审法庭变革

雅典的陪审法庭创建于梭伦改革时期,最初附属于公民大会。公元前5世纪中期,陪审法庭从公民大会中分离出来,成为雅典民主制的核心机构之一。从形式上看,它从单一的法庭转变成多个陪审法庭;从职能上看,陪审法庭新增了官员的任职资格审查和账目审计等职权;从性质上看,陪审法庭不仅仅是接受上诉案件的终审法庭,还是一审的法庭;另外,陪审津贴的颁行给每一个公民以出席陪审法庭的机会。陪审法庭的这些变革是雅典民主化进程的需要,也是人口增长和雅典帝国事务增多的结果。     

民族主义与民族国家构建析论

民族主义是现代性的政治共同体意识与行动,民族主义塑造出了民族。民族主义强调他者意识,强调民族的政治权利,也强调民族内部的平等。民族主义推动了民族国家的创建。民族国家被证明优于之前的政权组织模式,因此民族主义又成为现代国家合法性的来源。民族国家创建之后,民族主义依然存在,还会以爱国主义、分离主义等形式表现出来。对那些只具备了民族国家外表而没有实现对民族国家的认同超越其他认同的国家而言,缔造或者深化民族主义在其未来的发展中显得尤为重要。     

Exhibiting enterprise: how New Zealand museums generate revenue

Museums in New Zealand are not a homogeneous group in terms of their level of incomegenerating activity or the nature of those activities. The gap of knowledge consequent on this situation led to the National Services unit of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, commissioning primary research into the revenue‐generation activities of the sector. This paper presents the results of that research, specifically the data gathered through a questionnaire. The results provide a profile of respondents in relation to their operating contexts, the sources of financial and non‐financial support they received (from the local community, local authorities and central government), and the types of income‐generating activities they undertook. The results contribute to a better understanding of both how organisations within the sector generate income (from traditional sources and new, more innovative activities) and what factors influence their ability to do so.     

Theology and Democratic Futures

Abstract

The essays in this special issue of Political Theology engage in a vigorous and wide-ranging conversation between theology and theologically inspired forms of critical thought and the possible futures of democracy as an idea(l) and as a political practice. This collection seeks to provide some key coordinates for thinking through the linkages and disjunctures between the theological and the political in formulating new conceptual frameworks that obtain a critical purchase for understanding the multiple meanings of democracy in the (post)modern world. By posing the question, "What is the fate of theology in a post-theological moment?" this introductory essay focuses our attention on the contemporary configurations of intellectual and political power that animates so much of our discourse on the interrelationships between theology and politics and proceeds to provide a brief rehearsal of the essays included in this special issue.     

胡锦涛关于党内民主思想初探

胡锦涛同志关于党内民主建设的思想主要涉及到对党内民主功能的多维揭示;对党内民主发展思路的规划设计;对尊重党员主体地位和保障党员民主权利问题的理性思考;对党内民主建设路径的科学选择。     

Iran and the emergence of information and communications technology: the evolution of revolution?

This study examines the emergence of information and communications technology (ICT) in facilitating political protest in the Middle East, with a focus on the Iranian experience. With the rise of ‘emancipating technology’ to mobilise popular support, many had hoped that the incumbent regime in Iran would be steered towards a more democratic and less authoritarian path. At the same time, the Iranian regime itself has shown an increasingly sophisticated technical nous, constructing a centralised censorship network and using available technology to proliferate propaganda and control and subdue cyber-protest. As such, ICT has acted as a complex dual-edged sword in both mutually supporting and suppressing political activism in modern-day Iran.     

Feature Reviews

Abstract

Deutsch, Kenneth L., and John A. Murley, eds. Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the Study of the American Regime Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 467 pp., $70.00 cloth, $29.95 paper ISBN 0-8476-8691-4 cloth, ISBN 0-8476-8692-2 paper Publication Date: October 1999

UNITED STATES: Politics and Public Policy: McElroy, John Harmon American Beliefs: What Keeps a Big Country and a Diverse People United Chicago: Ivan R. Dee 260 pp., $25.00 cloth, $14.95 paper ISBN 1-56663-231-5 cloth ISBN 1-56663-314-1 paper Publication Date: April 1999

Leo, Richard A., and George C. Thomas III, eds. The Miranda Debate: Law, Justice, and Policing Boston: Northeastern University Press 339 pp., $24.95 paper, $55.00 cloth ISBN 1-55553-338-8 cloth ISBN 1-55553-422-8 paper Publication Date: February 2000

Bums, James MacGregor, and Georgia J. Sorenson Dead Center: Clinton-Gore Leadership and the Perils of Moderation New York: Simon and Schuster 416 pp., $27.50, ISBN 0-684-83778-1 Publication Date: November 1999

Freeman, Jo, and Victoria Johnson, eds. Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 381 pp., $72.00 cloth, $23.95 paper ISBN 0-8476-8747-3 cloth ISBN 0-8476-8748-1 paper Publication Date: June 1999

Peters, Shawn Francis Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 342 pp., $34.95, ISBN 0-7006-1008-1 Publication Date: April 2000

Pryor, Frederic L., and David L. Schaffer Who's Not Working and Why: Employment, Cognitive Skills, Wages, and the Changing U.S. Labor Market New York: Cambridge University Press 300 pp., $34.95, ISBN 0-521-65152-2 Publication Date: January 1999

Weber, Ronald E., and Paul Brace, eds. American State and Local Politics: Directions for the Twenty-first Century New York: Seven Bridges Press/Chatham House 361 pp., $29.95 paper ISBN 1-56643-071-2 paper Publication Date: September 1999

McAvoy, Gregory E. Controlling Technocracy: Citizen Rationality and the NIMBY Syndrome Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press 168 pp., $55.00 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-740-5 cloth ISBN 0-87840-741-3 paper Publication Date: October 1999

Uslaner, Eric M. The Movers and the Shirkers: Representatives and Ideologues in the Senate Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 234 pp., $44.50, ISBN 0-472-10943-X Publication Date: September 1999

Mazur, Eric Michael The Americanization of Religious Minorities: Confronting the Constitutional Order Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 196 pp., $38.00, ISBN 0-8018-6220-5 Publication Date: November 1999

Sharpe, Elaine B., ed. Culture Wars and Local Politics Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 250 pp., $35.00 cloth. $16.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-0935-0 cloth ISBN 0-7006-0936-9 paper Publication Date: 1999

Orr, Marion Black Social Capital: The Politics of School Reform in Baltimore, 1986-1998 Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 241 pp., $35.00 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-0981-4 cloth ISBN 0-7006-0982-2 paper Publication Date: October 1999

Scotchie, Joseph, ed. The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 212 pp., $29.95, ISBN 1-56000-427-4 Publication Date: April 1999

Lamis, Alexander P., ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 490 pp., $39.95, ISBN 0-8071-2374-9 Publication Date: September 1999

Phillips, Kimberley L. Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915-1945 Champaign: University of Illinois Press 334 pp., $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-252-02477-X cloth ISBN 0-252-06793-2 paper Publication Date: December 1999

Horwitz, Morton J. The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice: A Critical Issue New York: Hill and Wang 132 pp., $10.00 paper ISBN 0-8090-1625-7 paper Publication Date: April 1999

Portz, John, Lana Stein, and Robin R. Jones City Schools and City Politics: Institutions and Leadership in Pittsburgh, Boston, and St. Louis Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 199 pp., $35.00 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-0979-2 cloth ISBN 0-7006-0980-6 paper Publication Date: September 1999

Jones, Charles O. Clinton and Congress, 1993-1996: Risk, Restoration, and Reelection Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 221 pp., $26.95, ISBN 0-8061-3164-0 Publication Date: October 1999

UNITED STATES: Foreign Policy and National Security: Luck, Edward C. Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919-1999 Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press 374 pp. + xvii, $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper ISBN 0-8157-5308-X cloth ISBN 0-8157-5307-1 paper Publication Date: November 1999

Ninkovich, Frank The Wilsonian Century: U.S. Foreign Policy since 1900 Chicago: University of Chicago Press 320 pp., $27.50, ISBN 0-226-58648-0 Publication Date: January 1999

Carothers, Thomas Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learaing Curve Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 408 pp., $39.95 cloth, $19.95 paper ISBN 0-87003-168-6 cloth ISBN 0-87003-169-4 paper Publication Date: November 1999

Cossa, Ralph A., ed. U.S.-Korea-Japan Relations: Building toward a “Virtual Alliance” Washington, DC: CSIS Press 207 pp., $21.95 paper ISBN 0-89206-358-0 paper Publication Date: December 1999

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany, 1945-1955 Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 230 pp., $47.50 cloth, $22.50 paper ISBN 0-8071-2310-2 cloth ISBN 0-8071-2409-5 paper Publication Date: November 1999

Mermin, Jonathan Debating War and Peace: Media Coverage of U.S. Intervention in the Post-Vietnam Era Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 162 pp., $45.00 cloth, $14.95 paper ISBN 0-691-00533-8 cloth ISBN 0-691-00534-6 paper Publication Date: January 1999

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Grandin, Greg The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation Durham, NC: Duke University Press 343 pp., $54.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-8223-2458-X cloth ISBN 0-8223-2495-4 paper Publication Date: June 2000

Hanchard, Michael, ed. Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil Durham, NC: Duke University Press 225 pp., $49.95 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-8223-2252-8 cloth ISBN 0-8223-2272-2 paper Publication Date: September 1999

Pollack, Marcelo The New Right in Chile, 1973-1997 New York: St. Martin's Press 235 pp., $65.00, ISBN 0-312-22278-5 Publication Date: November 1999

EUROPE/COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Sherrington, Philippa The Council of Ministers: Political Authority in the European Union New York: Pinter 213 pp., $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-85567-594-3 cloth ISBN 1-85567-721-0 paper Publication Date: April 2000

Dallin, Alexander, and F. I. Firsov, eds.; trans. Vadim A. Staklo (documents) Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934-1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 278 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-300-08021-2 Publication Date: April 2000

DeClair, Edward G. Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front Durham, NC: Duke University Press 261 pp., $49.95 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-8223-2237-4 cloth ISBN 0-8223-2139-4 paper Publication Date: August 1999

Ayçoberry, Pierre; trans. Janet Lloyd The Social History of the Third Reich, 1933-1945 New York: New Press 380 pp., $30.00, ISBN 1-56584-549-8 Publication Date: 1999

Huskey, Eugene Presidential Power in Russia Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe 295 pp., $64.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-56324-536-1 cloth ISBN 1-56324-537-X paper Publication Date: September 1999

AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST: Inbar, Efraim Rabin and Israel's National Security Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press/Woodrow Wilson Center Press 276 pp., $32.00, ISBN 0-8018-6217-5 Publication Date: March 1999

Lynch, Marc State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan's Identity New York: Columbia University Press 327 pp., $49.50 cloth, $18.50 paper ISBN 0-231-11322-6 cloth ISBN 0-231-11323-4 paper Publication Date: September 1999

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: Baker, Richard W., M. Hadi Soesastro, J. Kristiadi, and Douglas E. Ramage, eds. Indonesia: The Challenge of Change New York: St. Martin's Press 305 pp., $55.00, ISBN 0-312-22261-0 Publication Date: July 1999

Zheng, Yongnian Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations New York: Cambridge University Press 189 pp., $64.95 cloth, $19.95 paper ISBN 0-521-64180-2 cloth ISBN 0-521-64590-5 paper Publication Date: April 1999

Oi, Jean C., and Andrew G. Walder, eds. Property Rights and Economic Reform in China Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 354 pp., $60.00 cloth, $22.95 paper ISBN 0-8047-3456-9 cloth ISBN 0-8047-3788-6 paper Publication Date: Septmenber 1999

Jumper, Roy Davis Linville Orang Asli Now: The Orang Asli in the Malaysian Political World Lanham, MD: University Press of America 204 pp., $48.00, ISBN 0-7618-1441-8 Publication Date: August 1999

Gong, Gerrit W., ed. Taiwan Strait Dilemmas: China-Taiwan-U.S. Policies in the New Century Washington, DC: CSIS Press 171 pp., $21.95 paper ISBN 0-89206-363-7 paper Publication Date: March 2000

Ruffin, M. Holt, and Daniel C. Waugh, eds. Civil Society in Central Asia Seattle: University of Washington Press 331 pp., $19.95 paper ISBN 0-295-97795-7 paper Publication Date: July 1999

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, LAW, AND ORGANIZATION: Morgan, Patrick M., and Keith L. Nelson, eds. Re-Viewing the Cold War: Domestic Factors and Foreign Policy in the East-West Confrontation Westport, CT: Praeger 223 pp., $69.50 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-275-96636-4 cloth ISBN 0-275-96637-2 paper Publication Date: March 2000

Becker, David G., and Richard L. Sklar, eds. Postimperialism and World Politics Westport, CT: Praeger 393 pp., $69.50, ISBN 0-275-96613-5 Publication Date: July 1999

Levering, Ralph, and Miriam L. Levering Citizen Action for Global Change: The Neptune Group and Law of the Sea Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press 189 pp., $19.95 paper ISBN 0-8156-2794-7 paper Publication Date: January 1999

Clarke, Desmond M., and Charles Jones, eds. The Rights of Nations: Nations and Nationalism in a Changing World New York: St. Martin's Press 208 pp., $59.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-312-22594-6 cloth ISBN 0-312-22595-4 paper Publication Date: September 1999

Krasner, Stephen D. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 264 pp., $49.50 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-691-00702-0 cloth ISBN 0-691-00711-X paper Publication Date: September 1999

COMPARATIVE POLITICS: Christensen, Tom, and B. Guy Peters Structure, Culture, and Governance: A Comparison of Norway and the United States Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 194 pp., $65.00 cloth, $22.95 paper ISBN 0-8476-9313-9 cloth ISBN 0-8476-9314-7 paper Publication Date: September 1999

Setälä, Maija Referendums and Democratic Government: Normative Theory and the Analysis of Institutions New York: St. Martin's Press 200 pp., $69.95, ISBN 0-312-22101-0 Publication Date: May 1999

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY: Duncan, Christopher M. Fugitive Theory: Political Theory, the Southern Agrarians, and America Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 243 pp., $69.00, ISBN 0-7391-0088-2 Publication Date: December 1999

Walzer, Michael, Menachem Lorberbaum, and Noam J. Zohar, eds.; and Yair Lorberbaum, coeditor The Jewish Political Tradition: Vol. 1, Authority New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 578 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-300-07822-6 Publication Date: June 2000

Kolnai, Aurel; ed. Daniel J. Mahoney “Privilege and Liberty” and Other Essays in Political Philosophy Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 187 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.95 paper ISBN 0-7391-0076-9 cloth ISBN 0-7391-0077-7 paper Publication Date: January 2000     

Moving Towards Transformative Democratic Action Through Archaeology

Archaeologists have explored how politics affect the way we see the past. They have investigated how constructions of the past naturalize present political conditions, and have explored uses of the past in current politics. Few have examined how politics in archaeology can relate to the future. In this article I develop ideas on a transformational politics in archaeology that focuses on critiquing oppressive relations in the past and present, and works towards building more just relations for the future. I examine how we can achieve this through building more democratic relations in the places we work.     

高度重视基层民主建设构建社会主义和谐社会

在我国改革开放过程中,基层民主建设直接关系到和谐社会的构建。但是,我国的基层民主建设依然存在着制度不健全、执法不严、渠道不畅、民主意识淡漠等问题。以人为本,广开门路,建立健全民主制度,更为注重并接受人民群众的监督,解决好基层民主建设问题,是构建社会主义和谐社会的制度保证。