Widespread Policy Disruption: Terrorism, Public Risks, and Homeland Security

We address theoretical and empirical aspects of policy disruptions that affect multiple areas of policymaking. Our theorizing leads us to consider the effects of widespread disruptions in gaining the attention of elected officials, in affecting policymaking, and in reshaping the involvement of federal agencies. Our empirical analyses concern the threat of terrorism in the United States and its implications for public risk subsystems over the past 25 years. Our analyses of the attention of policymakers and resultant policymaking volatility show selective patterns of subsystem disruption related to the threat of terrorism. We show that capturing the attention of policymakers in multiple subsystems is insufficient to motivate heightened levels of policymaking across the board. In addition, we find more muted impacts for federal agency involvement than might have been expected from the massive reorganization that created the Department of Homeland Security. More generally, the disjunctions we observe show the powerful influence of policy subsystems in buffering against widespread policy disruptions.     

Constructing Homeland Security: An Anemic Policy Regime

This research addresses the strength of the homeland security policy regime that was constructed after the terrorist attacks of September 2001. We argue that homeland security provides a preeminent example of the challenges of developing policy regimes that focus policymaking on a common goal across diverse subsystems. All the ingredients for fashioning a powerful regime were in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001—a common purpose, engaged stakeholders, and institutional redesign. But for a variety of reasons that we discuss, the results are far from cohesive. The lessons we draw are more general ones regarding factors that influence the strength of boundary‐spanning policy regimes.     

What Determines Homeland Security Spending? An Econometric Analysis of the Homeland Security Grant Program

The distribution of State Homeland Security Grants has been characterized as pork barrel spending, where political considerations and not terrorism risk are determining the allocation each state receives. Using revealed preference analysis, we test this claim. From 2004 to 2006, measures of terrorism risk are found to be positive determinants of funding while measures of political influence and party affiliation of elected officials show no positive relationship with grant funding. These results are not compatible with the assertion that funding is distributed due to political factors.     

艰难的握手：中美实现平民回国问题谈判的历程

1954～1955年,处于敌对状态的中美两国实现了日内瓦会议上的外交接触,并最终就平民回国问题达成协议。这对于冷战时期的中美双方具有特殊意义。根据两国解密的外交档案来看,中美在参加日内瓦会议前都曾有意识地就解决平民回国问题做了准备,新中国政府采取以静制动的策略争取了主动,最终促成这次看似偶然实则必然的外交谈判。谈判本身及最终协议的达成,对此后中美关系的发展产生了重要影响。     

大预应力锚索在将军崖岩画保护中的选择与应用

文章介绍了大预应力锚索在将军崖岩画保护中的选择与应用,强调了科学技术在文物保护中突出作用。     

日本的不良债权及其政策措施

自泡沫经济崩溃后产生不良债权以来,日本金融机构的不良债权就一直是持续增加的趋势,这在90年代后期尤为明显,巨额的不良债权对金融机构和日本经济都产生了极为严重的影响,为此,日本政府通过制订有关金融法规推进金融改革,实和金融稳定和政策和金融缓和政策,加强金融监督和金融检查等有关措施,千方百计地解决不良债权问题,日本政府解决不良债权的政策措施并未能阻止不良债权的继续增加,其处理不良债权的计划一再的落空,今后也不会一帆风顺,尽管如此,有关政策措施确实是起到了一定的作用,有值得学习和借鉴之处。     

Measures to Protect Sovereignty over Tibet Taken by Successive Central Governments in the Period of the Republic of China

The Revolution of 1911 signaled the collapse of the corrupt Qing Dynasty and the founding of a bourgeois democratic republic, the Republic of China.     

建国初期湖北没收官僚资本的措施及成效

解放前,湖北官僚资本企业遍及电力、化工、纺织、机械、炼油、印刷、军工、公用等工业各行业,主宰湖北经济命脉。从湖北解放至1952年,湖北军管会采取种种举措,彻底没收了在鄂的全部官僚资本,并建立了社会主义国家银行、国营工商业等国营经济,奠定了湖北的社会主义经济基础。     

论非洲华侨对祖国抗日的贡献

卢沟桥事变后,非洲华侨纷纷成立抗日救国组织,通过各种方式支援反法西斯战争。他们支持抗战的形式主要有：捐款捐物、抵制日货、进行抗日宣传、亲自投身于反法西斯的伟大战争等。非洲华侨无论在人力、物力、财力各方面都为反法西斯战争作出了重大的贡献。在抗日救亡史上写下了可歌可泣的光辉篇章。     

近代山东黄河泛区的临灾措施及评价

黄河灾害是近代山东最主要的灾害,几乎每次黄水决溢都会造成大面积黄泛区。在水灾到来时,诸如赈济、抚恤灾民、防治疫病、生存自救等临灾措施常在泛区实行。在这些措施中,生存自救中的人口迁移是一种消极但又十分必要、相对彻底的避灾方式,这种方式大大摆脱或减少了灾民被灾的无奈;其他措施在当时也曾起到一定作用,但由于生产力水平较低及管理不善等因素,效果并不理想。     

请拉起手,为保护濒危的白鹤宣誓 《保护白鹤法库国际宣言》在辽宁法库国际白鹤节上签署发布

<正>由国际鹤类基金会、中国野生动物保护协会、沈阳市人民政府主办的第六届沈阳法库国际白鹤节,3月27日在辽宁省法库县正式启动。来自国际鹤类基金会以及中、美、俄、日、韩、蒙古等国家的官员、专家、学者聚集法库,向全世界发布《保护白鹤法库国际宣言》,并向国际社会提出建议每年3月27日为世界白鹤日。     

Lobbying after 9/11: Policy Regime Emergence and Interest Group Mobilization

Does the emergence of a new boundary‐spanning policy regime shift the focus of well‐established organized interests, or does it mobilize new ones? In this article, I show that interest groups with a presence in Washington before 9/11 rapidly—but temporarily—shift their attention to the homeland security issues. Established groups' entrenchment in antecedent subsystems appears to buffer against widespread policy disruption and interest upheaval. However, a new set of previously latent groups opportunistically mobilizes after the regime is institutionalized. Newly mobilized groups replace those that retreat back to the regime's antecedent subsystems. Though the policy regime fails to resolve the jurisdictional turf conflicts that triggered its creation, the institutionalization of homeland security generates its own original, distinct government demand for lobbying. Interests that previously had no business in Washington before 9/11 took advantage of the new opportunities the regime offered without supplanting interests established long before the Department of Homeland Security and its congressional committees existed.     

科技手段与书画鉴定

在当今的器物学鉴定工作中,不少高科技的鉴定技术已经成功地应用于文物年代的分期断代和真伪鉴别上。但在古代书画鉴定工作中,由于其特殊性和复杂性,目前仍停留在传统的鉴定方法上。本文就运用一些必要的科学手段来证实鉴定结果进行了深入的探讨     

日本政府推进信息化发展的政策措施

日本政府为改变信息化相对落后的状态，在新世纪初制定《IT基本战略》，决定实施IT立国战略，2005年把日本建设成为世界上最先进的IT国家。为此，日本政府以制定《IT基本法》、实施IT立国战略为中心，通过e-Japan战略、IT新改革战略、IT新改革战略政策纲要和e-Japan重点计划等，积极采取了推进信息化发展的战略和政策措施。在此基础上，日本政府又提出《u-Japan构想》，争取在2010年建设无所不在的网络社会，以消除数字鸿沟，使地方也能够充分利用IT基础设施，有信息均等和机会均等的公平上网环境，以建设充满活力的地方，实现城市和地方的协调发展。     

South Pacific Agendas in the Quest to Protect Natural Areas

In the South Pacific islands, development assistance agencies, financial institutions, and international NGOs approach conservation in ways that provide opportunities for foreigners to advise islanders about appropriate paths to development. They fund the intergovernmental South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), which uses its organizational, legal and discursive powers to create opportunities for their work, and so helps validate inequitable political and economic relationships between the islands and developed regions, ensuring that these continue unchallenged by concerns about environmental degradation. But this outsider–insider dichotomy is too simplistic to describe all the endeavours connected with South Pacific protected areas. Amongst indigenous interests in the islands there is more than a single conservation agenda. The variety of agendas connected to efforts to protect natural areas in the South Pacific islands illustrates that conservation is more than a technical endeavour with a single moral goal. Conservationists’ success in preserving biodiversity and natural areas depends, therefore, upon forming explicit and open alliances with other individuals who, although they may have different aspirations and values, are prepared to work openly and effectively with them to achieve some agreed measures.     

The Responsibility to Protect and the problem of military intervention

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has come a long way in a relatively short space of time. From inauspicious beginnings, the principle was endorsed by the General Assembly in 2005 and unanimously reaffirmed by the Security Council in 2006 (Resolution 1674). However, the principle remains hotly contested primarily because of its association with humanitarian intervention and the pervasive belief that its principal aim is to create a pathway for the legitimization of unilateral military intervention. This article sets forth the argument that a deepening consensus on R2P is dependent on its dissociation from the politics of humanitarian intervention and suggests that one way of doing this is by abandoning the search for criteria for decision‐making about the use of force, one of the centre pieces of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty 2001 report that coined the phrase R2P. Criteria were never likely to win international support, the article maintains, and were less likely to improve decision‐making on how best to respond to major humanitarian crises. Nevertheless, R2P can make an important contribution to thinking about the problem of military intervention by mitigating potential ‘moral hazards’, overcoming the tendency of international actors to focus exclusively on military methods and giving impetus to efforts to operationalize protection in the field.     

A chronic protection problem: the DPRK and the Responsibility to Protect

The Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) is arguably the world's most chronic abuser of human rights. In an unprecedented move, a Commission of Inquiry established by the UN's Human Rights Council accused the DPRK government of systematic violations of human rights amounting to crimes against humanity. In so doing, the Commission succeeded in putting human rights in the DPRK on the global agenda. Within months the UN's General Assembly and Security Council had joined the human rights body in examining the issue. This article explains the emergence of this new engagement with human rights in the DPRK, showing its relation to the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ principle. It charts the growing sense of frustration felt at the lack of progress on human rights in DPRK and shows how this was manifested in the General Assembly's decision to pursue the Commission's recommendations and call on the Security Council to take concrete steps. Despite this, however, the article shows that there are powerful obstacles in the way of a more robust international approach to human rights in the DPRK and counsels a less confrontational approach focused on engaging China and building trust within the Security Council.     

泽惠史林之作--评《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》

《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》是迄今为止最权威的中国度量衡史著作。该书以历代单位量值的演变作为主线 ,旁及中国度量衡的产生、发展、管理制度、相关的科学技术成就等 ,对中国度量衡史做了系统、全面的研究。该书修正了传统研究的不足 ,补充了以往的空缺 ,对相关历史现象的研究也提出了新的见解。该书的出版 ,为史学研究提供了可资借鉴的权威度量衡史著作。