Regional development and technology policies: Some lessons from the German experience

The development of economic, ecological, social, cultural and political conditions has a lasting influence on the development of individual regions and economic areas, and is in turn influenced by them. Background conditions in Germany have changed over the last few years, with reunification and the upheavals in Eastern Europe, the prospective completion of the Singh European Market and the increasingly insistent new challenges in the areas of the environment and transport. This paper gives some examples of the changes taking place in some of these background conditions, and discusses their foreseeable future regional impacts in the FRG. In the last 10 years, Baden‐Württemberg in south‐west Germany has been considered as one of the most successful examples in Europe of regional structural adaptation combined with a dynamic innovation system. The characteristics of the economic development of this region and their causes are dealt with.     

Context and the role of policies to attract foreign R&D in Europe

This paper explores the effectiveness of policies ‘in’ attracting the foreign research and development (R&D) of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to specific countries in Europe. We develop a macroeconomic investigation covering 29 European countries during the period between 1990 and 2012 in order to address: (a) whether the provision of direct financial support for business R&D is effective for the attraction of foreign R&D; (b) whether direct support is more effective than indirect support for this purpose and (c) whether the link between direct financial support for business R&D and the foreign R&D of MNEs is conditioned by the context within which the support is provided. The results of the analysis show that, first, the provision of direct financial support is generally effective for the attraction of foreign R&D by MNEs. Second, direct support for business R&D is more effective for this purpose than indirect support. Third, the provision of direct financial support for business R&D yields greater returns in contexts that are more socio-economically suitable for knowledge-intensive, innovative activity.     

晚清政府关于外国教会在华持有武装政策述论

关于外国教会在华持有武装问题,晚清政府实行的是有限禁止政策。这种政策由不同层次的基本政策和具体政策构成。造成这种政策的表面原因是《大清律例》自身的法律弹性和近代中外大局下的政教互动关系,根本原因还是晚清时期国力孱弱,政府无能。实施这种政策的目的是为了实现社会控制、维持中外相安、借用先进技术三个方面。该政策从1853年起步,至1908年成形,实施到1912年清政府灭亡结束。其中,以1901年为界,分为前后两个阶段。两阶段相比较,政策呈现出类型由简单而丰富、内容由粗疏而详明、执行由松弛而严格的三大特征。     

Postwar development in the Italian Mezzogiorno. Analyses and policies

Abstract

As Manlio Rossi-Doria wrote, in the early postwar years, the Southern Question was primarily an agrarian one. The debate and policies that addressed the Southern Question, however, did not remain confined solely to the agrarian dimension. The transformation of Southern agriculture was inextricably connected to two additional features of the Italian Mezzogiorno: first, the huge demographic expansion, and second, the lack of an industrial sector able to absorb the excessive agrarian population and to lead a process of economic diversification and internationalization. Above all, the solution to the Southern Question was interpreted as a truly national task. The development of the Mezzogiorno was at the basis of the collaboration between Italy and the World Bank throughout the 1950s. That experience became the subject of an intense debate over development policies that went beyond the Italian borders and embraced the question of postwar development worldwide. The Italian experience turned eventually out to be a failure. One feature of that experience remained vital, though, and has been underscored by contemporary scholars: the solution to the Southern Question is to be found at the national level, not just regionally.     

Not-so-new silk roads: Japan's foreign policies on Asian connectivity infrastructure under the radar

Scholarly narratives concerning China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) tend to contextualise this project within China's rivalry with the United States and Japan. Such interpretations often reduce and misconstrue Japan's initiatives in Asian infrastructure finance as mere reactivity to China's advances. This paper will showcase Japan's own foreign and financial policies regarding infrastructure in Asia and the New Silk Road regions since the end of the Cold War. I argue that Japan's presence in that field is underappreciated and under-researched, as Japan's infrastructural footprint in the New Silk Road significantly pre-dates the BRI. Furthermore, I stress the fact that Japan's foreign policy in Asian infrastructure finance featured important cooperative postures toward China, especially within multilateral development banks. The paper makes a contribution to emerging scholarship on the BRI—often reliant on strategic communications and projections—by highlighting Japan's role in regional infrastructure to show how our understanding of international relations and international political economy in Asia can be better informed by economic history and area studies.     

Introduction: cultural policies for sustainable development

Abstract

Sustainable development has long conceptual roots, and international organisations have played a significant role in articulating the meaning of the term and the content of the dominant discourses. Within these frames, the concept of cultural sustainability tends to be diversely defined and operationalized. This article and special issue examine culture and sustainable development in ways that articulate and contemplate different roles for cultural policy.     

新中国对外关系的发展进程

新中国建立以来,始终坚持独立自主的和平外交政策,努力发展与世界各国的友好合作关系。但随着国际形势的发展变化,我国的对外政策也在不断进行调整,从而在各个不同时期表现出不同的特点。     

Some geographical factors in the Northern Appalachian coalfield

EUROPE

The Glory of Scotland. By J. J. Bell. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1932. Price 1s. 6d.

The A.A. Road Book of Ireland. London: Cassell and Company Ltd., 1932. Price 1s. 6d. net.

Ireland. The Blue Guides. Edited by Findlay Muirhead. London : Ernest Benn Ltd., 1932. Price 12s. 6d. net.

The Story of Dublin. By D. A. Chart. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1932. Price 5s. 6d. net.

Loch Lomond : A Study in Angling Conditions. By Henry Lamond. Glasgow : Jackson, Wylie and Co., 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

The Lakes of Wales: A Guide for Anglers and Others. By Frank Ward. London: Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1931. Price 10s. 6d.

At the Western Gate of Italy. By Edward and Margaret Berry. London : John Lane (The Bodley Head) Ltd., 1931. Price 8s. 6d.

The Challenge of Russia. By Sherwood Eddy. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1931. Price 10s. 6d.

Slovakia, Then and Now. A political survey by many Slovak authors, arranged by R. W. Seton‐Watsoh. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Prague : Orbis Publishing Co., 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

Water and Grass. By E. H. Carrier. London : Christophers, 1932. Price 21s. net.

The Baltic Region ; A Study in Physical and Human Geography. By E. G. Woods. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1932. Price 18s. net.

Gone Abroad. By Charles Graves. London : Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1932. Price 9s. 6d.

West Highland Scenes and Stories. By Margaret Brown, London : Cecil Palmer, 1932. Price 7s. 6d.

Please Take Me Next Time. By Percy Colson. London : Nash and Grayson, 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

Rambles in Shakespeare's Country. By J. H. Wade, M.A. London : Methuen and Co., 1932. Price 7s. 6d.

Up at a Villa—Down in the City. By Nesta de Robeck. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1932. Price 7s. 6d.

ASIA

A Dictionary of English‐Palaung and Palaung‐English. By Mrs. Leslie Milne. Rangoon : Supdt. Govt. Printing and Stationery, 1931.

The Romance of the Indian Frontiers. By Lieut.‐Gen. Sir George MacMunn, K.C.B. London : Jonathan Cape, 1931. Price 16s. net.

With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet. By Alexandra David‐Neel. London : John Lane (The Bodley Head) Ltd., 1931. Price 15s. net.

AFRICA

A Game Warden among his Charges. By Captain Pitman. London : Nisbet and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 16s.

Cape to Cowley via Cairo in a Light Car. By M. L. Belcher. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1932. Price 8s. 6d.

Rambles in Cairo. By Mrs. R. L. Devonshire. Cairo : E. and R. Schindler, London : Luzac and Co., 1931. Price 8s. 6d.

The Birds of Tropical West Africa. By David Armitage Bannerman. Vol. II. London : The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1931. Price 22s. 6d.

AMERICA

The New Newfoundland. By J. R. Smallwood. New York : The Macmillan Company Ltd., 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

The Great Plains. By Walter Prescott Webb. London and New York : Ginn and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 21s.

AUSTRALASIA

Hidden Wealth and Hiding People. By Michael Terry. London and New York. G. P. Putnam's Sons Ltd., n.d. Price 15s. net.

GENERAL

The Pioneer Fringe. By Prof. Isaiah Bowman. New York ; American Geographical Society, 1931. Price $4.

Jenseits der Grossmächte. Von Dr. Karl Haushofer. Leipzig u. Berlin : B. G. Teubner, 1932. Preis R.M. 13.50.

The English Adventurers. By Clennell Wilkinson. London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 3s. 6d. net.

Manual of Meteorology. Vol. IV. By Sir Napier Shaw with the assistance of Elaine Austin. Cambridge : University Press, 1931. Price 30s.

The Company of Scotland : Trading to Africa and the Indies. By Groege Pratt Insh., D.Litt. F.E.I.S. Author of Scottish Colonial Schemes, 1620–1686, and Editor of Darien Shipping Papers, 1695–1707. (Scottish History Society.) London and New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

To the Ends of the World and Back. By J. Walker M'Spadden. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell, 1931. Price $3.

Doubloons. By Charles B. Driscoll. London : Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1931. Price 18s. net.

EDUCATIONAL

A Primer of Economic Geography. By L. W. Lyde, M.A. London : Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1931. Price 5s. net.

The Approach to Geography. By E. Bown, F.R.G.S.. London : Christophers, 1931. Price 3s. 6d.

Southern Europe : A Regional and Economic Geography of the Mediterranean Lands. By Marion I. Newbigin. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1932. Price 15s. net.     

试论外国军舰驻华特权制度的形成与发展——以顾盛使华为中心

鸦片战争后签订的一系列不平等条约对军舰驻华特权制度给予了明确的规定。《虎门条约》是外国侵略者＂合法＂获取军舰驻华特权的开始。美、法等国通过《望厦条约》、《黄埔条约》使这一特权制度日趋完善。在攫取军舰驻泊权的过程中,美国人顾盛使外国军舰驻华特权条款扩展到几乎可以被人任意解释的地步,为日后列强军舰任意游弋中国内水埋下了祸根。通过第一批不平等条约,西方有约国家获得了军舰驻泊特权。第二次鸦片战争中,列强在这一问题上获得了较大突破,此后该制度逐步走向完善。     

Pakistan's foreign and security policies after the 2013 general election: the judge,the politician and the military

This article examines the consequences of Nawaz Sharif ‘s electoral victory in Pakistan's 2013 general election on the country's foreign and security policies. It analyses the relationships the new government is likely to entertain with the military institutions and the judiciary, and tries to identify the potential vulnerabilities of the new authorities. It concludes that the security situation will improve marginally, at best, and that a relatively smooth working relationship with the US, dictated by the constraints of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, can be anticipated. Relations with India are likely to constitute the real test of the political freedom enjoyed by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vis‐a‐vis the military. The difficulty will be to calibrate the relationship to avoid provoking a backlash with the military.     

Community Unionism in Canada and Labor's (Re)Organization of Space

The extensive restructuring of industrialized economies continues to challenge workers and their unions in the 1990s. Labor unions are trying to remain viable institutions in the face of globalization of economic production, deindustrialization, and technological change. These processes have increasingly challenged workers in traditionally highly unionized sectors of the economy such as manufacturing and resource extraction industries. At the same time, unions have failed to organize large numbers of workers, often young and female, in geographically fragmented workplaces in expanding sectors of the economy such as consumer services and subcontracted goods production. There has been a call for new "spatialized strategies" allowing unions to access these new sectors and spaces and to produce scales of organization compatible with post-industrial capital. One strategy being adopted by the labor movement is coalition building with non-labor community interest groups with common goals in order to shape geographies of production. The experience of two Canadian unions with "community unionism" is discussed as an example of a spatialized strategy still in early development.     

Cultural policies for sustainable development: four strategic paths

Abstract

In the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015, the role of culture is limited. We argue that culture’s absence is rooted in the longue durée of interplay among theoretical and policy debates on culture in sustainable development and on cultural policy since the mid-twentieth century. In response to variations in concepts and frameworks used in advocacy, policy, and academia, we propose four roles cultural policy can play towards sustainable development: first, to safeguard and sustain cultural practices and rights; second, to ‘green’ the operations and impacts of cultural organizations and industries; third, to raise awareness and catalyse actions about sustainability and climate change; and fourth, to foster ‘ecological citizenship’. The challenge for cultural policy is to help forge and guide actions along these co-existing and overlapping strategic paths towards sustainable development.     

Crossing the many borders: Finnish local development policies facing new challenges

In this briefing the changing context that has drawn both researchers and policymakers’ attention towards quality of policy processes are dealt with. First the evolution of the Finnish local development activities is described, second the demands that contemporary societal changes raise for local economic development policies are considered, and third the question how current developments affect local development policy‐making is evaluated, and the significance of crossing the many borders is raised.     

The Queensland Election of 21 March, 2009: Labor's Swim Against the Tide

This article explores the events before and during the 2009 Queensland election which saw the Bligh Labor Government returned far more easily than commentators and opinion polls had indicated. This election remains especially noteworthy for its groundbreaking firsts, including the first election of a woman state premier, and the first election for Queensland's single, merged Liberal-National Party. The article concludes that Anna Bligh's then-popular leadership, Opposition leader Lawrence Springborg's alleged poor grasp of economic realities, and fears of job losses during the global financial crisis were the prime motivators of swinging electors' vote choice.