Pattern Analysis Based on Type, Orientation, Size, and Shape

Quantifying the pattern of geographically defined areas has proven useful in analyzing and understanding geographic processes. Pattern analyses most commonly used by geographers measure the spatial distribution of nonspatial variables at each point or in each area. The objective of this research is to develop and assess a pattern analysis for area-class maps that considers more than the nonspatial attributes when describing a spatial pattern. We examine whether similar geographic areas—similar with respect to attribute type and several geometric properties—exhibit particular spatial patterns (e.g., clustered, random, or dispersed). The additional attributes we include are orientation, size, and shape. We refer to the method as TOSS, reflecting the T ype, O rientation, S ize, and S hape of areas. The goal of considering these additional attributes is to capture the geometric aspects of pattern that other approaches to pattern analysis do not. Sets or groups of similar areas are created using cluster analysis, based on a variable standardization score using the Gower coefficient of similarity. The spatial distributions for each set of geographic objects are then calculated using nearest neighbor analysis. To test the effectiveness of the TOSS method, results from pattern analysis and the TOSS method are qualitatively and quantitatively compared. The TOSS method offers a novel approach to pattern analysis.     

非物质文化遗产展的定义、分类及价值追求

非遗是"无形"文化遗产,具有活态性、流变性、即时性等特点,非遗展示经历了原生态展示、民族民间艺术展示、"活态"展示三个阶段.当代专业的策展工作者需从狭义定义去界定非遗展,以当代视角和审美意识去理解、把握、呈现非遗的传统文化属性,在展览策划中体现出策展者保护非遗的主观意识,从"全遗产观"视角策展,在展览中阐释非遗的核心价值和文化属性,积极搭建传统文化和现代审美的桥梁.     

从敦煌藏文文献看发愿文的界定

敦煌发愿文文献作为敦煌文献大类之一,因其在众多领域的研究价值,愈来愈引起研究者的重视。但目前学界并未就“发愿文”的名称达成一致意见。本文结合汉、藏文发愿文的题名,认为发愿文、愿文、祈愿文这三种称呼在唐宋之际的河西地区是可以混用的,且表达的是同一个概念——发愿文。     

Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Choice

Problem definition is fundamental to public policy making, intertwined as it is with the political process throughout the activities of issue initiation, program design, and legislative enactment. Yet problem definition remains in immature analytic construct, productive of only a modest amount of scholarship that is lacking a coherent shared framework. Seeking to address this deficiency, this article systematically examines the origins, elements, and consequences of problem definition, relating this discussion to previous literature in the area, current policymaking developments, and future research needs.     

A Note on the Geographic Interdependencies of Retail Market Areas

Central place theory describes an orderly hierarchy of places, with particular retail services developing for lower-ordered places as they reach a threshold. Yet it is likely that nearby areas could serve simultaneously as a source of demand and a source of competing supply for retail stores in a place. This paper contributes to the understanding of local economic development by modeling and estimating the geographic interdependence between a place and its neighboring areas. The simultaneous equation Tobit results suggest that such geographical interdependence exists for most retail industries, with spatial competition on the supply side being particularly important.     

Analysing partition: Definition, classification and explanation

Political partitions should be carefully distinguished from secessions, de-colonizations and disengagements—though they may accompany these phenomena. Political partitions involve a fresh cut, an at least partially novel border, ripped through at least one national community's homeland. Partitions of national and multinational polities may be distinguished, as may external and internal partitions. External partitions have been rarer than suggested in conventional accounts, and explanations of their occurrence are evaluated, and recommendations are made that their rarity should persist.     

Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems: A Compendium edited by WILLIAM J. RIPPLE, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD

Trans-boundary Air Quality Relations by John E. Carroll, Canadian-American Public Policy Borderlands Reflections: The United States and Canada by LAUREEN MCKINSEY and VICTOR KONRAD, Borderlands Monograph Series Canada as a Borderlands Society by ROGER GIBBINS, Borderlands Monograph Series, no. 2 North American Cultures: Values and Institutions in Canada and the United States by SEYMOUR MARTIN LIPSET, Borderlands Monograph Series The Border as Fiction by CLARK BLAISE Borderlines and Borderlands in English Canada: The Written Line by RUSSELL BROWN, Borderlands Monograph Series, Lost Harvests: Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy by SARAH CARTER, McGill-Queen's University Press The Land That Became Israel: Studies in Historical Geography edited by RUTH KARK, The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and Yale University Press Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction by JEFFREY STAR and JOHN ESTES, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Geographic Information Systems for Urban and Regional Planning edited by HENK J. SCHOLTEN and JOHN C.H. STILLWELL, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Geographic information Systems: Developments and Applications edited by LES WORRALL, Belhaven Press, London Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling by C. DANA TOMLIN, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Analytical and Computer Cartography by KEITH C. CLARKE, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs ISPRS Commission II/VII international Workshop Proceeding: Advances in Spatial Information Extraction and Analysis for Remote Sensing edited by MANFRED EHLERS, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda Protecting Natural Resources with Remote Sensing: Proceedings of the Third Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Conference edited by JERRY D. GREER Global Natural Resource Monitoring and Assessments: Preparing for the 21st Century-Proceedings of the International Conference and Workshop Représentations et aménagement du territoire Par H. GAMUCHIAN, Paris, Economica Remaking Human Geography edited by AUDREY KOBAYASHI and S. MACKENZIE, Unwin Hyman, Boston The Retail Environment by Ken Jones and Jim Simmons, Routledge, London A Country So Interesting: The Hudson's Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670–1870 by RICHARD I. RUGGLES, McGill-Queen's University Press     

Carnivory, Coevolution, and the Geographic Spread of the Genus Homo

This review traces the colonization of Eurasia by hominids some 1,700,000 years ago and their subsequent evolution there to 10,000 years ago from a carnivorous perspective. Three zooarchaeological trends reflect important shifts in hominid adaptations over this great time span: (1) increasing predation on large, hoofed animals that culminated in prime-adult–biased hunting, a predator–prey relationship that distinguishes humans from all other large predators and is a product of coevolution with them; (2) greater diet breadth and range of foraging substrates exploited in response to increasing human population densities, as revealed by small-game use; and (3) increased efficiency in food capture, processing, and energy retention through technology, and the eventual expansion of technology into social (symbolic) realms of behavior. Niche boundary shifts, examined here in eight dimensions, tend to cluster at 500 thousand years ago (KYA), at 250 KYA, and several in rapid succession between 50 and 10 KYA. Most of these shifts appear to be consequences of competitive interaction, because high-quality, protein-rich resources were involved. Many of the boundary shifts precede major radiations in the equipment devoted to animal exploitation. With a decline in trophic level after 45 KYA, demographic increase irreversibly altered the conditions of natural selection on human societies, from a largely interspecific competitive forum to one increasingly defined by intraspecific pressures. Regionalization of Upper Paleolithic artifact styles is among the many symptoms of this process.     

略论西夏的墓葬形制和丧葬习俗

西夏墓葬可分为土洞墓室和砖室,砖室墓多为汉人墓,而党项人墓几乎均为土洞墓室,党项人墓代表着西夏墓葬的形制特点。西夏党项人墓的墓葬结构和葬俗,既反映了党项人本民族的文化传统,同时还可以观察到唐末、佛教文化因素,表现出西夏文化的多源性。     

“名物”考辨

我们从两个方面对"名物"这一概念进行了考辨。从所指内容角度而言,名物是具体特定之物,属于某个物类系统,并有明显的区别性特征。从词义学的角度而言,专有名物不属于名物词,在名词语义场中,专有名词和名物词是上位义和下位义的关系。名物词又具有音义关系多样性、理据性、系统性等语义特征。名物在文献中,不仅仅以词的形式出现,还以短语的形式存在。     

环境·风水·聚落——以近代上海为中心的历史地理考察

自然环境与风水观念,一度是影响传统聚落形态存在和变迁的两个重要因素,那么,在传统乡村聚落向近代城市聚落转型的过程中,这二者起到何种作用呢？其作用机制又是怎样的呢？本文以历史地理学的实证手法,通过复原上海开埠后乡村聚落向城市化转型的具体过程,发现：在城市扩张的影响下,乡村聚落赖以依存的传统河道体系首先崩解,继而以河道为物质基础的风水形势发生变异,此二点从根本上动摇了乡村聚落赖以存在的自然与人文条件。同时,随着城市产业的发展和移民的大量涌入,原有的乡村空间快速地被不规范的城市空间——棚户区所蓊代。棚户区至今仍然是城市政府面临的治理难题,其产生的历史地理过程和驱动机剂值得更深入的学术考察。     

岭南六朝墓葬的区域研究

岭南地区迄今发现的六朝墓葬数量众多,分布广泛。根据墓葬形制结构及随葬器物类型、特征差异,可将岭南六朝墓葬划分为三大地理分布区域,即粤东粤中桂东、粤北、桂东北,在这三个区域内还存在一定地方特点的亚区域:珠江口东岸、粤东、贺江。结合相关史料,影响墓葬区域差异的历史成因主要有六朝岭南政区划分、墓葬所属人群特征以及交通路线变迁三个方面。