On the Margins of the Enlightenment: Blacks and Jews

The postmodern critique of the Enlightenment is much concerned with what it regards as the unwillingness of progressive thinkers of the eighteenth century to accept the legitimacy of national or cultural groups that differed significantly from norms in Western Europe. My aim is to examine how eighteenth-century thinkers, including Hume, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Condorcet, and the Abbé Grégoire, perceived prototypical “others” such as Blacks and Jews, by looking at the sources—from contemporary medical science to travel literature, proto-anthropology, history, biblical scholarship and reformist projects—on which these views were based. Perceptions of Blacks cannot easily be separated from the issue of slavery, nor that of the Jews from biblical history and theology. I argue that those who wanted to exclude these groups from mainstream society generally based their arguments on a one-dimensional, self-referential empirical methodology, while those who argued for their eventual inclusion usually posited a multidimensional reality in which a shift from one dimension to the other was a matter of will and planning. While the inclusionists tended to use general categories, such as humanity or a universal spiritual order, the exclusionists tended to use particularizing categories such as race or nation.     

On the Margins of Colonialism: Contact Zones in the Aru Islands

ABSTRACT

The Aru Islands are situated at the eastern end of the Indian Ocean, in the southern Moluccas. They are also one of the easternmost places in the world where Islam and Christianity gained a (limited) foothold in the early-modern period, and marked the outer reach of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The present article discusses Western-Arunese relations in the seventeenth century in terms of economic exchange and political networks. Although Aru society was stateless and relatively egalitarian and eluded strong colonial control up to the late colonial period, it was still a source of natural products, such as pearls, birds-of-paradise, turtle-shells, destined for luxury consumption in Asia and Europe. Aru society was thus positioned in a global economic network while leaving it largely ungoverned. Colonial archival data yield important information about the indigenous responses to European attempts to control the flow of goods. They both support Roy Ellen’s claim that the economic flows in eastern Indonesia extended beyond the control of VOC, and provide parallels to James Scott’s thesis of state-avoidance among the ethnic minorities in mainland Southeast Asia.     

漫话彩笺

一、形制 认识彩笺的第一步,是了解它的形制。不过,这样做的时候,我们会遇到一个不小的障碍：现存的绝大部分明清尺牍,几乎都经过了藏家的装裱甚至裁切,因此已不能完全反映笺纸的原貌了。要搞清它们原先的模样,需要分辨装裱前后不同的痕迹,做些推测。     

漫话彩笺（六）

第五章画笺：山水与人物一、山水山水笺明代格外少见,《钱镜塘藏明代名人尺犊》中仅得嘉靖曹金一札（册三,另杨一清一札则为人物的背景点缀）。明清易代之时,短版笺如彩云轩制“初升月”等套笺,虽小品而风气为开。上海图书馆藏姚鼐手札,作楼阁图,亭台回廊,为工笔界画,     

漫话彩笺（三）

明代书籍的套色印刷,在天启、万历年间已经成熟,著名的吴兴闵、凌刻套印本就是其代表之作。至于套印的笺纸,则为数不多。本文第一章图6明人手札上的配剑图案,剑身为黑色,布巾和系带为红色,是一个较早的例子。进入清代以后,套印得到了大规模运用,     

漫话彩笺（五）

第四章画笺：花鸟与博物 一、花鸟 明代的画笺,以万历、崇祯为一个转折点。这一转折,包括两个方面：一是印刷,由砑光转向套色,这我们在第二章已经作过交代;二是绘图,由简率变得工细,无论花鸟、山水,还是人物、博古,莫不如此,这与书籍插图的蜕变同步。     

漫话彩笺（八）

尾声两纸八行欢喜无量从清代末年起,社会的巨大变化,在小小的笺纸上也渐渐得了到体现,这反映在两个不同的层面上。第一是印刷技术的推陈出新。从19世纪中叶传入国内的石印、铅印、照相影印技术,被越来越多地运用于笺纸的制作,并逐步取代了雕版①。上海图书馆藏沈曾植的两通手札,都使用了安徽官纸印刷局制作的画笺,     

漫话彩笺（四）

笺纸上用花纹衬底,最直接的办法是通过染色,这在第一章里已经做过介绍,本章要谈的,是雕版刷印在笺纸上的花纹。     

漫话彩笺（七）

第六章 文人制笺及其他 自制诗笺虽创自女诗人薛涛，但“薛涛笺”之名却出自他人。元代的赵孟，“摩靖节像，其纸亦松雪斋自制笺，粉中隐起八分书‘子昂’二字”，才正式开了后代文人自制名号笺的先河。     

《尤利西斯》的＂天书＂与禅意

乔伊斯的创作被称为很有“东方意味”,在他早期创作中采用了一种主张的方法,与禅的主张很接近。《尤利西斯》有“天书”之称,人物复杂的意识活动、无尽的典故和作家人为设置的阅读障碍,对此一切理性的解读和逻辑的考证往往失去了依据。而禅的非思量性、喝破执迷的力量却可以让我们柳暗花明。     

浅谈“80后”小说创作转型

＂80后＂小说创作至今已经经历了10年的发展历程。在这10年中,小说创作出现了一次大的转型,本文主要对这次转型作以探讨。     

On the Margins: Enduring Pre-Modern Water Management Strategies In and Around the Registan Desert,Afghanistan

The Registan Desert in southern Afghanistan has, like most deserts, traditionally been regarded as a barren, hostile space, devoid of human occupation other than occasional nomad campsites and an isolated 11th-century a.d. fortress. Detailed analysis of a strip of high resolution satellite imagery available through Google Earth and stretching into the Registan has revealed the presence of over 800 hitherto unrecorded archaeological sites. Many of these sites relate to water management, and predate the modern era. The water installations form networks of sites which facilitated the opportunistic exploitation of grazing following periodic rains, desert farming, travel, trade and exchange over hundreds of years, if not longer. Extrapolating from this detailed analysis, we argue that thousands of other sites have yet to be discovered in the Registan. These water management networks warrant further study in the field and protection from neglect, construction, recreational four-wheel driving, and looting.     

Defining Difference from China's Margins

Uniformities and discontinuities in Chinese culture have long animated anthropological debates. The books reviewed here reflect an emerging scholarly consensus about the diversity of China, expressed not only in religions and populations marginal to more mainstream Chinese culture, but among the Han Chinese themselves. Much of the discussion of China's diversity hinges on identity, a social phenomenon freighted with rhetoric and sentiment and inflected by the forces of local and national politics.     

年鉴"边角地"不可弃--《镇江年鉴》"补白"回眸

章介绍了《镇江年鉴》在利用版面空白方面的一些做法。认为“补白”可以使某一类目的资料得以补充和延伸,填补与正内容相关的资料,加大信息量,同时也使年鉴的主题更为突出。同时在实际工作中应该把“补白”纳入编辑工作,合理安排补白字数,并且由专人负责这项工作。     

Concealed Communities: The People at the Margins

The “concealed communities” of our title are the people archaeologists have often labeled as “marginal.” Archaeologists writing about both prehistoric and historic periods have commonly made a range of assumptions about margins and marginality, and their discussions have often categorized marginality as ecological, economic, or socio-political. Whilst it has been common to privilege one or other of these categories in order to explain how societies worked, they are rarely mutually exclusive. In addition, since marginality is relative, virtually any group might be made marginal depending on people’s perspectives in the past or present. Sometimes marginality can be imposed (economically or politically), and sometimes even actively chosen. Defining the “margin” is a complex business, and the term needs sensitive, context-orientated use to make it useful for archaeologists.     

Across the Threshold:

The long reign of Tupou IV of Tonga ended in 2006 at a time when pressure for political change, building during the previous 25 years, was beginning to turn towards direct action. Tentative reform efforts by the king's children were insufficient to satisfy the growing demands, and were partially vitiated by controversy over royal business interests and privileges. During the king's last year, protest broadened from governance issues to economic, social and policy issues in which diverse interest groups were drawn together, having little in common other than opposition to one thing or another. Within two months of the king's death, his successor had instigated or approved some significant steps forward, but reformists declared themselves unsatisfied. A resulting riot in which large areas of the capital were destroyed, has been variously represented as an attempted coup, as a spontaneous outburst of righteous exasperation and as an attempt at political intimidation. Reform continues to be the object of government, but long-term reformists have damaged their reputations and the growing public esteem for democracy. The quest for a new national consensus has become more difficult.     

论王劭魏澹修史

隋朝修史也是有成绩的。隋朝史官王劭与魏澹在修史方面做的工作、取得的成绩 ,从一个侧面反映了隋朝修史的成就。他们的修史工作也有失误。     

满文古籍书名著录之我见

本文“满文古籍书”是指1949年以前形成的满文、或者是满文同其它文种合璧的图书。关于满文古籍书的著录和分类,仁者见仁,智者见智,不像汉文古籍书,有自己的著录规则和分类法,著录员都在遵循一个统一的、规范的标准进行著录。现在传世的几部满文古籍书目录是在借鉴汉文古籍书著录规则和分类法的前提下进行的著录与编目,它们中多数采用汉文著录,也有的在采用汉文进行著录的同时,在书名项增加了满文书名的著录。在满文古籍书著录过程中会遇到许多问题,不同的著录员各自有着自己的处理方法。满文古籍书名情况复杂,问题也最多。因此,本文结合满文古籍书目著录情况,就满文古籍书名著录涉及的若干问题,力图进行比较全面的分析和综合,提出满文古籍书名分“书名”、“并列题名”、“书名附注”三项著录的建议。同时通过对满文古籍书名存在诸多情况的列举,归纳总结山相应的满文古籍书名著录的具体方法,希望对今后满文古籍书的著录工作有参考的价值。