关于民俗文物的思考

中国苍茫大地,幅员辽阔,民族众多,历史上各民族在政治、经济、化上相互融合,但这种融合并不能完全泯灭各民族的特性,尤其是与外界接触稀少的民族。纵观历史化的长河,各民族在日常的物质生活与精神生活中,语言、行为都有体现着自己的喜好、风尚、信仰、习惯、禁忌等信息,也就是说,各民族都有自己独具特色的民俗。各民族创造出的化,都是中国化不可替代的组成部分。     

滇黔桂交界地区各民族的地方礼俗传统与区域社会整合

滇黔桂交界地区,壮、瑶、苗等民族的地方礼俗互动、礼俗传统实践及创造性转化,是中华文化在南岭民族走廊西段区域社会中整合作用的体现。各民族传统文化体系与以道教为主的道释儒大传统之间长期的文化涵化过程,呈现出各民族交融共生基础之上大传统与小传统间复杂的互动关系。新文化模式下的礼俗传统和价值观念,强化了各民族内部的社会秩序和对中华文化的认同。1949年以来,各民族礼俗传统在南岭走廊地域文化传统保障下,进一步推动了不同民族之间自主、自发的交往交流交融状貌和共有价值观念在更大社会范围的传递。道教主导的礼俗传统实践及文化价值认同,是各民族交往交流交融下中华民族共同体意识在此区域内的具体呈现。     

文化涵化与社会进步─—青海省互助县民族文化现象透析

“涵化”是历史和现实中普遍存在的一种文化现象,文化涵化引起文化变迁,必然推动社会进步和现代化变迁。因此,研究文化涵化与社会进步之间“必然性”的强弱、大小,将会提高人们对民族文化的再认识,对民族发展、政府决策极为有利。本文拟就互助县这样一个汉、土、藏、回等各民族混居的典型民族社区在现代化变迁中各民族文化的涵化现象及其机制作一些略微之见。文化的涵化是指不同文化交往时文化特质的借取和多方位的变化过程。文化“是在血缘和地缘这种天然关系的基础上积累而成的”①,世界地理环境的巨大差异使各民族文化具有涵化的内…     

论培育弘扬民族精神与文化选择

培育和弘扬民族精神是实现全面建设小康社会,彻底实现各民族共同繁荣和中华民族伟大复兴的重要的前提条件。培育和弘扬民族精神与民族的化选择紧密联系在一起,对中国各民族精神整合与扬弃,是培育和弘扬中华民族精神的基础性工作。我们培育和弘扬满族精神,对满族精神化遗产既不能全盘肯定,也不能一概否定,对那些不符合时代发展要求,阻碍民族发展繁荣的精神化遗产必须屏弃,极力提高满族成员的精神境界,为中华民族精神境界的提高做出贡献。     

马克思主义民族观中国化、当代化的几个问题

马克思主义民族观是马克思主义者及其政党解决民族问题、制定民族政策的理论基础和指导思想,要以科学的态度和创新的精神坚持马克思主义民族观。马克思主义民族观在中国化过程中经历了四个阶段,其中,在科学发展观统领下创建的以＂各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展＂为核心的民族理论、政策体系,是马克思主义民族观中国化、当代化的最新成果。     

邓小平民族法制思想述评

中国是一个统一的多民族国家,中华各民族共同创造了祖国的光辉的历史和灿烂的化。新中国成立以后,我国各兄弟民族经过民主改革和社会主义改造,陆续走上社会主义道路,结成社会主义团结友爱、互助合作的新型民族关系。在我国,民族特点和民族差异将长期存在,民族问题也将长期存在。     

藏族文物的基本特点

林耀华先生在《民族学概论》一书中谈化与民族的关系时谈到：“化是人类创造的,同时,化又陶冶和塑造了人类本身。由于种种原因,人类不可能创造同一种模式的化,而人类刨造的不同类型、不同模式的化,又将他们自己塑造成了各具不同化特征的化群体——民族。”林先生精辟的论述说明了每个民族的化都有自己的特点,化是区分民族的重要标志。物作为化的物化形式、化的载体,也必然反映出化的特点。那么,作为藏族化载体的藏族物又有什么特点呢?     

社会主义核心价值体系在学生思想政治工作中的体现

建设社会主义核心价值体系是社会意识的本质体现,决定着社会意识的性质和方向。在高等院校,建设社会主义核心价值体系,就要把他的基本要求融入高等教育的全过程、人才培养的各环节、文化建设的各方面。通过对高校社会主义核心价值体系建设,利用加强学生的马克思主义中国化思想理论的建设;大力发挥舆论引导的作用,创建现代校园文化价值观念;创建和谐校园,深刻开展荣辱观教育的途径。最终使现代的大学生们可以继承和弘扬民族精神和时代精神,正确认识爱国主义的民族价值,科学理解改革创新精神的时代内涵,树立中国特色社会主义共同理想。     

社会主义核心价值体系在学生思想政治工作中的体现

建设社会主义核心价值体系是社会意识的本质体现,决定着社会意识的性质和方向。在高等院校,建设社会主义核心价值体系,就要把他的基本要求融入高等教育的全过程、人才培养的各环节、文化建设的各方面。通过对高校社会主义核心价值体系建设,利用加强学生的马克思主义中国化思想理论的建设;大力发挥舆论引导的作用,创建现代校园文化价值观念：创建和谐校园,深刻开展荣辱观教育的途径。最终使现代的大学生们可以继承和弘扬民族精神和时代精神,正确认识爱国主义的民族价值,科学理解改革创新精神的时代内涵,树立中国特色社会主义共同理想。     

裕固族服饰

裕固族服饰,是裕固族化的重要组成部分,也是裕固族民族构成、发展的重要因素,它融合了汉、藏、维吾尔等多种民族的服饰化,在林林总总的各民族服饰中独树一帜、独具特色。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.