“沧海桑田”:近代长江中游的沙洲变迁与滩地开垦

长江水道是一个开放、动态的自然系统,既有水土流失、江水泛滥、沙洲涨坍等自然变迁,也有人类为了在滨水低地进行土地开垦而进行的大量人为改造。江心洲属于典型的滨水低地,系长江中上游来水挟带之泥沙遇阻减速淤积而成的土地,必仰赖于堤坝的捍卫。堤坝作为低地社会至关重要的水利设施,实际上是国家干预与地方社会自组织治理相结合的产物。滨水人群对生态环境的适应和改造,则主要围绕洲地的涨坍、开垦与治水展开,呈现“人与自然”动态制衡的演进过程。晚清以来,张家洲北汊逐渐发育为弯弓型河道,北岸受水流冲刷加速崩塌,南岸则逐渐淤积出水,形成“北崩南淤”的态势。原来居住长江北岸的各姓居民先后奔赴南岸垦荒,致使新淤洲地争垦纠纷不断。各群体通过组织超越村落和家族的垦团,并积极利用垦荒条例或土地法规来实现各自的占垦诉求。这表明,近代国家及其制度建设在新淤洲地的“确权”过程中扮演了比过去更为重要的角色。     

江南文化在长三角一体化中的作用

<正>马克思主义历史唯物论的基本观点是,任何一种文化都是在一个特定空间、特定时间内,一些特定的群体在长期的生活、生产、生存的过程中逐步形成的。马克思去世后,恩格斯在其墓前发表的著名演说中指出,马克思从繁芜丛杂的意识形态下发现了一个简单事实:人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿,然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等活动。我们现在讲江南文化,实际上是讲的江南文明。江南文化是中华文明的一部分,是中华文明下面的一个亚文明,是江南特定范围内从古到今所创造出来的     

魅力江南:中国人的天堂

公元506年,建都建康(今江苏南京)的梁朝发动北伐,主帅萧宏命令手下乌程(今浙江湖州)丘迟给镇守寿阳(今安徽寿县)的北魏将军、睢陵(今江苏盱眙一带)人、原梁朝降将陈伯之写了封信,伯之得信,于是拥众八千来归。这是一封怎样的书信呢?古往今来,大家都以为信中的这几句最为感人:暮春三月,江南草长,杂花生树,群莺乱飞。见故国之旗鼓,感平生于畴日,抚弦登陴,岂不怆悢……     

River blindness. Protection for 54 cents a year

Infection by onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm, causes onchocerciasis (river blindness), a debilitating and often blinding disease endemic to tropical areas of Africa and Central and South America. The adult onchocerca volvulus invades the human host where it lives and reproduces for up to 14 years, creating millions of infant worms which cause itching, loss of skin color, rapid aging, and disfiguring skin disease in the host. Onchocerciasis often causes blindness in the human host by approximately age 35 years, and is the third leading cause of blindness in Africa. Onchocerca volvulus is transmitted among humans through the bite of blackflies which breed in fast-flowing rivers. The Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) was formally launched in 1974 by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO) in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, and Togo. Vector control is the central strategy of the OCP, consisting of weekly helicopter spraying of larvacide to prevent the blackfly from reproducing and transmitting the disease. In addition, Merck & Co. is providing drug therapy against the infant worms in the human host free of charge to 16 million people in endemic areas. Onchocerciasis has now almost been eradicated in the 7 original target countries. Also through the OCP, by 1996, more than 34 million people were protected against the disease, about 2 million who were seriously infected have fully recovered, and an estimated 600,000 people have been prevented from going blind. 12 million infants born since the launch of the OCP face no risk of contracting the disease, and approximately 25 million hectares of arable fertile riverine land has been opened for resettlement. Labor productivity has also increased.     

长江三源

长江上游正在经历生态环境恶化、自然灾害加剧的演变,并且还在通过全球气候变化、地质作用和人类活动等因素积累隐患,像癌症病变一样不断扩展。长江的命运给我们敲响了警钟。     

旅游形象感知模型及其应用研究——以长三角居民对韩国旅游形象感知为例

本项研究调查了近千名长三角地区潜在游客对韩国旅游形象的感知,运用多元统计技术手段分析探讨了刺激因素、个体因素和形象感知三者之间的关系,研究表明,刺激因素(一手信源和二手信源)与个体因素(旅游动机和社会人口统计特征)差异会影响旅游形象的感知,是旅游形象的前因变量.     

长江流域“原史时代”概论

自新石器时代末史前文明断裂至秦帝国建立被正式纳入以中原地区为主体的历史体系之前的这一时期,是长江流域历史或文明进程中一个独特的阶段,其特征与西方史学和考古界通行的"原史时代"概念吻合,因而建议将这一时期独立出来作为长江流域史前时代和历史时代之间的过渡阶段——"原史时代",并就长江流域"原史时代"的特征、分期及其对于长江流域自身历史和人类文明进程研究的学术意义进行了阐述。     

Role of Infragravity Energy in Bar Formation in a Strong‐Wind Bay: Observations from Seaford Beach,Port Phillip Bay,Australia

Measurements of the surf zone wave field and morphology were obtained from a multi‐barred beach in a fetch‐limited, strong‐wind bay (Seaford, southeastern Australia) during both low‐ and high‐energy conditions. Analysis of the infragravity energy present during high‐energy events (onshore winds >7 ms^?1) revealed that it was broad‐banded, consisting of a mixture of standing and progressive motions and displaying daily variations in standing wave length scales. Infragravity standing waves were therefore not considered significant to the formation and migration of bars at Seaford during this study, with bar behaviour during high energy events potentially attributable to either breaking wave‐bed return flow and/or self‐organisational mechanisms.     

Creating Regional Futures: A Scenario-Based Inter- and Transdisciplinary Case Study as a Model for Applied Student-centred Learning in Geography

Human geography students face changing qualification requirements due to a shift towards new topics, educational tasks and professional options regarding issues of spatial development. This ‘practical turn’ raises the importance of inter- and transdisciplinary work, management and capability building skills, with case study projects and student-centred learning providing suitable approaches. This paper introduces the example of the teaching and research project ‘Leben 2014’: Students, faculty and local actors have collectively worked out future development scenarios for a rural region in Austria, actually creating impact. The project may thus serve as a model that inspires similar schemes in other countries.     

Evidence for a Neolithic Age fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system in the lower Yangtze River Delta,China

Establishing stable cropping systems was vital in antiquity, assuring certain yields and enabling ancient people to settle, thus possibly causing various modern food habits and culture to form around the world, especially in cereal-cultivation-dominated countries. China, one of the most famous ancient agricultural countries, has a long history of rice planting, and the fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system is prevalent in the lower Yangtze region, which is considered a rice domestication center. However, its origin and cultivation pattern remain unclear. We studied a famous agricultural vestige, the Chuodun site, involved in rice planting in the lower Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, during the Neolithic Age. Clear evidence from archaeology, paleobiology, pedology and biogeochemistry suggest both that the rice fire-irrigation cultivation system formed during the Neolithic Age and that ancient peoples lived there steadily. Under this extensive cultivation system, soil structures and properties changed significantly; in particular, it left more black carbon in the soil and increased the organic carbon soil stability, which can be used to reconstruct prehistoric environments. Meanwhile, the prevalent fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system used by farmers in this area, though for a different purpose than ancient people, may be inherited from the Neolithic Age.