王拯及其文学成就

在清代文学史上,柳州的王拯占有一席之地。散文为清代后期桐城派古文中的“岭西五家”之一;诗作评为兼有“苏(轼)、黄(庭坚)二家之长”;词作为清代词坛“后十家”之一。本文简介王拯生平,并对其文、诗、词的成就作评述。     

《〈古文辞类纂〉新注》即将出版

《古文辞类纂》的新注工作,已由东北师大古籍所张仓礼副教授主持完成,将由南海出版公司出版发行.《古文辞类纂》是清代古文家、桐城派大师姚鼐的著名著作,是继《昭明文选》之后最大、最有影响的一个文选本.对     

清代杜诗未刊评点与相关诗话著作关系考

评点和诗话作为中国传统文学批评中特殊的批评形式,在创体时间、形式体制和批评方法上具有较大的相似性,这是二者可相互借鉴的客观基础。清代杜诗未刊评点家往往身兼批点者和诗话作者的双重身份,这是二者多互为采撷的主体因素。清代杜诗未刊评点与相关诗话著作的密切关系具体表现在:杜诗未刊评点是某些诗话著作或笔记类著作的直接来源;诗话的繁盛为杜诗未刊评点综合评本的形成提供了资料来源。当然,清代杜诗未刊评点所引诗话与相关诗话著作亦存在或增删、或补充、或辨正的相异之处,这些转录过程中的差异或变动侧面凸显出不同诗学研究者诗学理念、取舍标准、关注重心等层面的差异。探讨杜诗未刊评点与相关诗话著作的关系,可管窥清代杜诗评点及杜甫诗话发展演变的冰山一角。     

呼吁重新评价桐城派

呼吁重新评价桐城派周中明第二次史学沙龙活动的议题是：桐城派与中国近代社会。由于我近年来担负着国家教委下达的一项科研任务,正在着手研究清代的学术思想与桐城派古文,看了不少资料,所以我对桐城派多少有一点发言权。乘此机会,我想向学术界呼吁：重新认识和评价桐...     

论归有光抒情散文的情感魅力

归有光是被誉为"明文第一"散文大家,他所提出的"匹夫匹妇以为当然,是天下之至情"的至情理念,对其散文创作有极大影响。正是由于对人间至情的珍视,使他创作出了大量感人至深的散文作品,其中以抒情散文最具特色,散发着强大的情感魅力,也感染着千千万万的读者。情感真挚动人是归有光抒情散文的最大特色,其真挚的情感建立在平等的基础上,并无等级之别。归有光抒情散文所表达的情感是丰富复杂的,他通过形象性方式用细腻的笔法来传达情感,其情感具有细腻性和形象化特点。     

简论黎庶昌散文创作

黎庶昌的散文在"桐城派"散文中独树一帜,尤其是他的海外游记达到很高的水平。在他散文中所描述的城外景色、西方科技及政策到今天依然值得我们关注与研究。     

骈散、汉宋之争与“学者”“文人”的纠葛——学术史视野下北大新文化运动的历史渊源

民国初年北大内部桐城派与章门弟子的关系问题,系新文化运动得以在北大发生、发展的关键所在。其中的一些深层次问题,需要引入学术史视角深入研析。揆诸史实,将桐城派驱离北大客观上起到为"文学革命"扫清障碍的作用,使得北大整体上趋向新文化运动。这一举动源于章门弟子与桐城派的"骈散之争",背后的实质乃"汉宋之争"。清代的骈散、汉宋之争属文学和学术发展史上的常态,延伸到新文化运动时,此一争论则具有打着传统的旗号服务于现实目的的色彩。同时,章门弟子对桐城派的种种责难,不仅基于文学和思想主张的差异,也夹杂着"学者"对"文人"的轻蔑态度。就新文化运动的历史前提和时代语境而论,为"新"文化做铺垫的一些思路和做法仍为"旧"。     

论《续文苑底稿》对桐城派史的续写

桐城派是清代最大的古文派别,桐城派史深受学界关注。清史《文苑传》对桐城派有系统而持续的记载,但未为学界注意。本文基于台北故宫档案清史《文苑传》第四次稿的工作本《续文苑底稿》,讨论该书对桐城派续写的内涵和价值。《续文苑底稿》将"桐城派"名义正式写入国史,进一步确认了桐城派古文正统地位。该书增立六位桐城派人物正传,重点记载了姚鼐之后的桐城派学脉分布皖苏、远播岭西的状况。该书揭载,桐城后学的古文创作展现了新貌,纠正了桐城文"苶若枯涩"的弊病,桐城派诸传人尊奉程朱理学,对汉学则兼收并蓄,更以经世实学思想和经世业绩彪炳史册。《续文苑底稿》彰显了桐城派的古文正统地位,是桐城派史的重要文献。     

漫谈史学论文的写作

清代桐城派散文家主张"言有物"、"言有序",其集大成者姚鼐在致友人秦小岘的信中说:"鼐尝谓天下学问之事,有义理、词章、考证三者之分,异趋而同为不可废。"(《惜抱轩文集》卷六)在《述庵文钞序》中又说:"余尝论学问之事,有三端焉:曰义理也,考证也,文章也。     

桐城文化论

桐城文化论徐天祥桐城,在明清两代有过一段文化的辉煌时期。一说到桐城,人们自然想到桐城派。其实,桐城派只是桐城文化的一部分,桐城文化的内涵远不止此。一据马其昶《桐城耆旧传》,桐城科举考试,明代自永乐到崇祯,中进士者８０人,中举人者１６５人;清代,中进士...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.