Late Holocene Fauna from Kuidas Spring in Namibia

We present the results of faunal analyses from the recently excavated site of Kuidas Spring in north-western Namibia. The site includes rock shelters, stone circles and stone cairns. Stone circles, which were built during the last 1500 years, are widely distributed over much of Namibia and parts of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Current interpretations suggest that after the introduction of livestock 2300 years ago, hunter-gatherers who became herders built stone circle settlements. However, our results based on the faunal remains indicate that Kuidas Spring was exploited as a hunting resource, and whether or not herders with (or without their) livestock occupied or visited the site remains unconfirmed. We also found that gemsbok made use of stone circles at Kuidas Spring when these features were not inhabited and show how such activity might impact the interpretation of archaeological material.     

Structural Aspects of Medieval Timber Bridges

THIS ARTICLE compares our very fragmentary knowledge of large medieval timber bridges with the respectable body of evidence now available, and here summarized, about bridges at castles and moated sites, which, it is suggested, may be relevant to larger bridges. Nearly all the moat-bridges, from the late nth to the 16th centuries, are structurally similar in that their posts are not earth-fast but tenoned into transverse sole-plates, but the enduring type, with lateral braces, or shores, symmetrically disposed, does not appear until the ijth century. Parallel with these are various specialized forms which are stabilized by additional, longitudinal plates. In the British Isles earth-fast piles were of very limited use in minor bridges but may have become usual in major bridges in the late middle ages.     

A NEW STUDY OF THE CURSUS COMPLEX AT DORCHESTER ON THAMES

Summary. This paper reviews some recent developments in the study of non-utilitarian monuments in relation to a new analysis of a group of earthworks at Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire, excavated between 1946 and 1981. It traces the changing character of these different sites in the light of a series of radiocarbon dates, and argues that analysis at this broad chronological and geographical scale is likely to be more informative than piecemeal investigation of individual 'types'of monument.     

Bigberry Camp,Harbledown, Kent

Despite containing one of the largest stone and timber circles in Britain, the Late Neolithic monument complex at Stanton Drew, Somerset, has seen surprisingly little archaeological work. This paper presents the results of new fieldwork, which included excavation around a recently discovered recumbent stone, test-pitting on the floodplain of the River Chew and fieldwalking close to the monuments. The excavations revealed that the recumbent stone had been deliberately buried in the medieval period and also uncovered other archaeology of this date. The test-pitting exposed thick deposits of alluvium and from this it is argued that the landscape has changed dramatically since the monuments were constructed. The fieldwalking revealed a relatively low density of lithics which may indicate that activities around the monuments were carefully controlled. Also considered is the siting of the Stanton Drew monuments and their intimate relationship with the River Chew.     

Big fish and great auks: Exploitation of birds and fish on the Isle of Portland,Dorset, during the Romano-British period

Abstract

The paper considers the assemblage of bird and fish bones from a Romano-British settlement on the Isle of Portland, on the southern coast of England. Compared with contemporary sites, the assemblage includes an unusually large number of fish bones from a wide range of marine species, including large cod, other Gadidae, several species of seabream, scad and bass. The bird assemblage includes bones of a butchered great auk. This provides the first evidence that this extinct species was nesting off the shores of central southern England and being exploited for food in this period. Other seabirds identified included razorbill, great northern diver and gannet. The species represented are discussed in relation to other Romano-British sites, particularly the Roman town of Dorchester, situated 15 km away. Many of the species have been discovered on only a few contemporary sites and the presence of the seabream in particular indicates that seawater temperatures may have been warmer than until very recently. Possible cultural changes in diet and food procurement in the Roman period are also considered.     

Assessment of Construction Techniques and Material Usage in İzmir Rural Houses

The domestic architecture in the rural villages of ?zmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.     

长江三角洲城市一日游的旅游经济空间联系测度与分析

本文通过计算长江三角洲中心城市的中心职能强度,对长三角中心城市进行等级划分,在此基础上,借助修正后的旅游经济联系强度、旅游经济隶属度及旅游吸引范围模型,测度城市间旅游经济的联系强度、隶属度及城市旅游控制范围,同时建立城市旅游经济联系的空间模型并分析长三角中心城市旅游经济联系的方向以及旅游系统空间结构等级层次性特征。结果表明:长三角中心城市旅游经济联系度不断增强,并逐渐向区域旅游经济一体化方向进展,同时区域内部城市旅游经济差异显著,且表现为随着旅游城市等级规模的变化呈现出正相关的旅游经济随之匹配,并在旅游经济的空间联系上按照一定的轴线发生关系,这种轴线在地理空间上表现为"沿线"并且这种联系的规律性在空间上总的方向表现为随城市距离增加而逐级递减规律。基于以上分析,最后针对城市间的旅游经济空间联系对长三角旅游系统空间结构影响加以论述,以此为提升长三角城市一日游的旅游经济活动效率,加快实现长三角旅游经济一体化进程,提供一定理论与现实的依据参考。     

2008年奥运旅游效应与中国奥运旅游圈构想

举办奥运会最大的经济受益点是旅游业,中国旅游业应充分抓住奥运给旅游业带来的各种效应,充分利用良好的区位条件,合理确定和设计旅游区位,确立"一个核心、多中转辐射地、五圈共享"的"中国奥运旅游圈"区位开发模式,构建北部历史古迹都市文化核心旅游圈、东部东方文化现代都市旅游圈、南部经济特区热带风情都市旅游圈、中西南奇山丽水民族风情旅游圈、西部神奇景观旅游圈,实施整体形象设计与促销战略、多等级多系列产品战略、网络化大交通战略、信息化战略、区域协作战略、规模化战略、可持续发展战略,把握机遇,发挥奥运旅游的最大效应。     

《禹贡》五服的考古学观察

《禹贡》五服制度实质是指以王城所在地为中心、从内到外可以划分为三个大圈:内圈是甸服,是王畿之地;中圈包括侯服和绥服,是大小诸侯所在地;外圈在最外边,包括要服和荒服。五服制度的实质是以理想化的图式描绘出一幅中央与地方及四邻的相互关系的网络图。这三大圈恰好与龙山时代考古学文化分布格局基本吻合。可见,《禹贡》五服制度不会是古人的臆说,而是曲折地反映着龙山时代中原与四邻的相互关系。     

Stable Isotope Analysis Reveals Variations in Human Diet at the Poundbury Camp Cemetery Site

Stable isotope analysis was undertaken on 48 individuals from Iron Age, Roman and Post-Roman periods of the Poundbury Camp Cemetery, Dorchester, England. Variations in diet, reflected by the stable isotope values, were observed between individuals from the different time periods. Differences in diet within the Late Roman period were particularly interesting, as we found that the isotope values could be related to burial type. We also found evidence of possible immigrants at Poundbury; individuals that may have come to the site from a warmer climate.     

A child's burial in unconsecrated ground in early modern Dorchester,Dorset

Abstract

Re-examination of a child burial found during excavations in advance of the construction of new offices for Dorset County Council in the north-west quarter of Dorchester in 1937 indicates that it is of early modern, rather than of Roman date, as originally believed at the time of excavation. A possible context is explored for the burial of a child in unconsecrated ground in the 17th century.     

Stone circles and megalithic geometry: An experiment to test alternative design practices

This paper describes an experiment which investigates the possibility that stone circles were laid out by eye rather than being geometrically planned. Over 100 simulated stone circles were built and hence a data set of known layout method was generated for comparison with stone circles. The results illustrate that no distinction can be made between the hypotheses. Examination of other architectural traits and geographical distributions suggest, however, that simple laying out procedures, as opposed to the more complex geometries proposed by Thom, are more appropriate for stone circles in Britain.     

上海市日常体育生活圈的公共体育设施配置研究

运用"都市生活圈"和"时间地理学"的理论与方法,对上海城市日常体育生活圈进行了划分与构建,提出了由基础体育生活圈、基本体育生活圈和机会体育生活圈所构成的日常体育生活圈层体系,并以上海日常体育生活圈层体系为基础,依据"中心地理论"和上海公共体育设施建设与发展的实际状况,提出了上海日常体育生活圈的公共体育设施配置模式和公共体育设施配置体系。根据上海日常体育生活圈建设与发展的要求及实际状况,提出了相应的公共体育设施建设与配置的建议。     

TIMBER MONUMENTS,LANDSCAPE ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT IN THE NITH VALLEY,DUMFRIES AND GALLOWAY

This paper considers the impact of landscape and environment upon monuments built during the Neolithic period. Taking a group of timber monuments of Neolithic date in the Nith Valley region, Dumfries and Galloway, it examines their relationship to the topography and environment and seeks to explain their uniquely linear nature, a feature of timber monuments built in this region. It discusses the importance of incorporating plough‐levelled sites into landscape approaches to monuments, the potential impact of vegetation upon visibility patterns, and the value of considering the immediate locations of monuments, arguing that monuments built upon a heightened awareness of landscape topography, arising out of a long‐term relationship with place.     

The impact of the Roman Empire on animal husbandry practices: study of the changes in cattle morphology in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula through osteometric and ancient DNA analyses

The change in cattle size during the late Iron Age and the Early Roman period is a widely known phenomenon. However, hardly any information is available about this change and its causes in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. In order to shed more light on this issue, variations of cattle size and shape through the analysis of Bos taurus remains from ten archaeological sites located in the north-east Iberia and occupied from the middle fifth century bc to the third century ad are examined in this paper. Osteometric postcranial and teeth analyses show a clear change in cattle size and shape during the Romanization period at newly founded sites. This change is documented at all the sites from the Early Roman period. Genetically, authenticated results from a short fragment of the mitochondrial d-loop were obtained from 6 cattle metacarpals out of 33 tested. They affiliate to the main European taurine haplogroup T/T3. The integration of the available data including the archaeological background suggests that the presence of these morphologically different cattle, introduced during the Romanization period, was more pronounced at sites interpreted as villas and trading posts, rather than at cities during the Early Roman period.     

美籍华裔杰出科技人才成才机制研究*A

论文从创造教育学视角就美籍华裔杰出科技人才成才机制进行了分析探讨,认为世界上有2000多个民族、五大文化圈和众多的亚文化圈,不同民族和文化圈的科技发展水平差异甚大,杰出科技人才在不同民族和文化圈中所占比例亦有重大差距。即使在同一文化圈中,不同民族的科技发展水平和杰出科技人才所占比例差距也不小,而同一民族在不同文化圈中也有不同表现。美籍华裔科技人才是直接或间接受东亚文化圈影响的杰出华人科技人才,他们的成才机制必然有科技人才成才的共性逻辑,但也与其种族和文化有些许相关。美籍华裔科技人才成才机制受社会文化和个体素质内外因素的相互影响,一流科学家群落是美籍华裔科技人才成才的适宜组织环境;文化基因匹配是科技人才成才的精神土壤;优秀天赋是科技人才成才的物质基础;创新素质是科技人才成才的内在动力。     

北宋进士的交游圈对其家族通婚地域的影响

北宋士人在进士及第之后,交游圈逐渐扩大,先有进士同年,后又有意气相投的同僚及文化旨趣相近的文友、诗友等,由此形成多个相互关联又彼此不同的交游圈。交游圈的扩大促进了他们人际交往范围的拓展,使他们及其家族成员在通婚对象上可以有更多的选择,其通婚地域自然也就脱离了本乡本土,发展到全国各地。不过,由于各地区之间存在着社会风俗与生活习惯等方面的差异,他们在选择婚姻对象时,仍然注重由近及远的原则。     

上海都市旅游发展的若干问题

在回顾上海都市旅游发展的历史,并将近年来上海旅游发展在长江三角洲地区、华东地区、全国范围等不同层次上进行对比的基础上,分析了上海都市旅游发展存在的问题,提出上海都市旅游的内涵细分和构建包括上海都市旅游核、都市旅游带、都市旅游圈在内的大上海都市旅游圈的构想,并讨论了上海都市旅游开发和城市一体化建设的问题。     

New evidence for the antiquity of leprosy in early Britain

Examination of skeletons excavated in Dorset has probably produced the earliest example of leprosy known in northern Europe. The site, Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, was excavated under the direction of C. J. S. Green for the Dorchester Excavation Committee from 1966 to 1973. It is a Romano-British cemetery, apparently Christian, and the leprous bones are dated by their archaeological context to the middle of the fourth century AD.The specimen consists of the distal portions of right and left tibiae and fibulae, and the right and left feet. The right intermediate cuneiform is missing, but this may be a post-mortem loss. All parts of the skeleton above the mid-shaft of the tibiae and fibulae have been lost due to modern disturbance. It is therefore impossible to estimate the sex of the individual or its age, but the bones are certainly those of a mature adult.The following pathological changes were noted.     

A Land Overflowing with Milk And Honey: Sastradarma's Description of Batavia, 1867–1869

Travelogues appeared during the beginning of modern Javanese literature i.e. from mid-19th century, concentrating on noteworthy facts from the visible world as in Candranegara's Lampah-lampahipun Raden Mas Arya Purwalelana (1865). Examined in chronological order these travelogues present a gradually widening circle of interest, from Java via the outer islands to the world outside. One of the intermediate circles, that of Batavia, is described by Sastradarma, a Solonese, in his book, Cariyos nagari Betawi (1867).