近代以来日俄关系的发展演变与未来走向

近代以来日俄关系的发展道路是十分曲折而复杂的。两国间存在严重利益冲突的敏感问题至今仍未得到解决。其中,领土问题是制约两国关系进一步发展的关键因素。同时两国关系的改善也受到日美同盟的牵制。但尽管有这些障碍,在可预见的未来,俄罗斯与日本仍将继续发展和扩大彼此间的合作关系,这是由双方的国际战略、政治安全及经济利益所决定的。这一趋势有利于亚太地区大国关系的健康发展。     

1984年以来中国宏观调控中的货币政策演变

1984年以来,中国的宏观调控在总体上可界定为以抑制总需求和以扩大总需求为特征的两大阶段,它们决定了中国货币政策的演变及其特点。具体说来,以1997年作为分界线,之前主要是以反通货膨胀为目标,表现出抑制需求的特征;之后是以反通货紧缩及促进经济增长为目标,表现出扩大需求的特征。与此相联系,我国货币政策工具演变的突出特点是计划性工具逐渐减少,市场经济意义上的工具不断增加。我国货币政策演变的进程反映了从直接的计划控制不断向间接的市场调节转变,展示了我国宏观调控向规范化方向发展的一般历程。     

改革开放以来中国社会福利制度的嬗变

过去的30多年,有着鲜明计划经济烙印的社会福利制度随着经济转轨经历了从初始的起步探索,到后来逐渐转型和步入正轨的艰辛的改革历程。职工福利分解、社会福利社会化推进、社区服务普及、农村社会福利重构、适度普惠型福利探索等凝结为改革成果,初步形成了新型社会福利体系,但这些改革在社会福利的目标模式上是初级的、不全面的和不平衡的。面对变化的国情,处理好发展与公平的关系,构建适度普惠型社会福利制度,是中国社会福利的目标选择。     

建国以来我国高等教育管理体制改革演变论略

建国以来我国的高等教育管理体制由确立到改革 ,由传统的社会主义计划经济条件下的改革到新时期的拨乱反正、适应社会主义商品经济的改革再到社会主义市场经济条件下的改革 ,走过了一段曲折的路。既有失误的教训 ,也有成功的经验。本文概述了这一历史进程 ,反映了改革的内在联系 ,概括了其中的经验教训及对新世纪我国高教管理体制改革的启示。     

From DOPA to Parkinson's disease: the early history of dopamine research

Dopamine is among the most well-researched neurotransmitters at the present time. For the first half-century of neurotransmitter research, however, interest in dopamine was minimal, and only a few scattered groups of researchers studied it. It was their research that stimulated current interest, and provided the background for our present understanding of this important substance. By the late 1950s, it was clear to these individuals that dopamine served an important physiological role in mammalian brains, and that its role was most likely that of a central nervous system agonist. Soon after this, dopamine, or more specifically the depletion of dopamine, was clearly implicated in Parkinson's disease. This paper looks at the early history of the physiological roles of this intriguing compound.     

The singular vision of William Charles Wells (1757-1817)

William Charles Wells retained an interest in vision throughout his life. His first book was on single vision with two eyes; he integrated vision and eye movements to determine principles of visual direction. On the basis of experiments and observations he formulated three principles of visual direction, which can readily be demonstrated. In the course of these studies, he also examined visual acuity, accommodation and convergence, visual persistence, and visual vertigo. Insights into visual processing were mainly derived from observations of afterimages that were used to provide an index of how the eyes moved. His experiments enabled him to distinguish between the consequences of active and passive eye movements (later called outflow and inflow) as well as describing nystagmus following body rotation. After providing a brief account of Wells's life, his neglected research on vision is described and assessed.     

改革开放以来侨务政策的演变及华侨华人与中国的互动

介绍了华侨华人研究中的几个基本概念和关于华侨华人、归侨侨眷人数的几个统计数据;简述了国家领导人有关侨务工作的论述及建国以来主要涉侨法律法规,重点对改革开放以来公民出入境情况及国家出入境政策的改革完善进行了详尽的统计分析;并从华侨华人对中国的投资捐赠,和平统一活动,华侨、归侨、侨眷的参政议政等方面阐述了华侨华人与中国的互动关系,认为"合作双赢"是华侨华人与中国关系的主旋律。     

20世纪以来菲律宾华人文化认同的嬗变——以菲律宾华文文学为视角

论文从"华侨文学""华人文学""华族文学"三个阶段,梳理了菲律宾华文文学的发展历程,对各个不同发展阶段所蕴含的文化认同进行分析,并从中透视菲律宾华人文化认同的嬗变。菲律宾华人的称谓经历了从"华侨"、"华人"到"华族"的历史演变,这是菲律宾华人从移民群体向定居群体转化的结果,也是其客观社会身份和主观认同变化的结果。20世纪以来,菲律宾华人的文化认同经历了一个动态的嬗变过程,由"地域乡愁"转到"文化中国",直至"文化融合"。时至今日,在多元文化的交流与碰撞中,菲律宾华人的文化认同仍然处于演变与形塑的过程中,其文化认同的后续嬗变有待进一步观察。     

Lesions as therapy: surgical intervention in Parkinson's disease prior to L-dopa

The study of Parkinson's disease has undergone vast changes across its almost 200 year history. Over this period, research scientists have added dramatic detail to their understanding both of the motor system in general and the etiology of Parkinson's disease specifically. This expanded understanding has been facilitated, particularly, by the work of clinicians with the goal of improving treatments designed to ameliorate its symptoms. This article examines the evolution of one particular clinical approach, the production of lesions to segments of the basal ganglia, from its inception, through its "golden era," disuse, and rebirth.     

Structural concepts of anastylosis

Abstract

Ancient buildings have been re-erected for more than one hundred years, during which time various concepts concerning the preservation of monuments have been developed. Classical buildings in particular – considered to represent the European cultural heritage – became the focus of fundamental discussions. In order to understand and compare approaches to historic monuments, this paper contrasts ancient and modern building structures. New supporting systems – using modern substitute materials and connecting elements – nevertheless remain weaker than the original structures. From the beginning of the twentieth century until recent years, the concepts of anastylosis have in many cases been determined by what was technologically feasible at the time.