Age Patterns of Mortality During the Black Death in London, A.D. 1349-1350

This paper examines adult age-specific mortality patterns of one of the most devastating epidemics in recorded history, the Black Death of A.D. 1347-351. The goal was to determine whether the epidemic affected all ages equally or if it targeted certain age groups. Analyses were done using a sample of 337 individuals excavated from the East Smithfield cemetery in London, which contains only individuals who died during the Black Death in London in 1349-1350. The age patterns from East Smithfield were compared to a sample of 207 individuals who died from non-epidemic causes of mortality. Ages were estimated using the method of transition analysis, and age-specific mortality was evaluated using a hazards model. The results indicate that the risk of mortality during the Black Death increased with adult age, and therefore that age had an effect on risk of death during the epidemic. The age patterns in the Black Death cemetery were similar to those from the non-epidemic mortality sample. The results from this study are consistent with previous findings suggesting that despite the devastating nature of the Black Death, the 14(th)-century disease had general patterns of selectivity that were similar to those associated with normal medieval mortality.     

Osteoarthritis in a Black Death cemetery in London

Age-specific prevalence rates were determined in a group of skeletons recovered from a Black Death plague pit in London. The disease showed the expected increase in prevalence with age but these rates were lower than those in the contemporary population and the disease was more frequent in men than in women. In the majority of cases the disease affected one joint only and there were no cases of generalized osteoarthritis. The sites most commonly affected were the facet joints of the spine, the acromioclavicular joint and the hands; there were relatively few cases in which the large joints were affected but the knee was slightly more frequently affected than the hip.     

Francis Schiller (1909-2003)

The cerebellum is presently recognized as an important structure for cognitive, emotional, and behavioral integration and exerts such activities through its newer parts that belong to the cerebrocerebellar system. Two bundles relate the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum—an anterior (frontopontine) projection (Arnold's bundle) and a posterior (temporo-occipito-parietal-pontine) projection (Türck's bundle). The historical development and the controversies about the eponym of the bundle named after Türck is reviewed. Besides the researchers and authors that were in agreement with Meynert, of a tract he described, and apparently in a deliberate way named after Türck, others rose to contest the eponym, considering it a misnomer. Despite some controversies, this bundle deserves to maintain the name, Türck's bundle, to honor the outstanding researcher that described it and named it after a notable colleague, possibly as a tribute, and also to mark the difficulties that surrounded this episode of neurological history.     

New Year's Day in Scotland, 1909

L'ANNÉE SOCIOLOGIQUE, publiée sous la direction de Émile Durkheim, Professeur de Sociologie à la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Bordeaux. Quatrieme Année (1899–1900). Paris: Félix Alcan. 1901. Reviewed by E. Sidney Hartland.

THE LEGEND OF SIR LANCELOT DU LAC By JESSIE L. WESTON. (Grimm Library, vol. xii.) D. NUTT. 1901. Reviewed by Walter W. Greg.

STORIES OF THE HIGH-PRIESTS OF MEMPHIS. By F. Ll. GRIFFITH. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900. Reviewed by A. H. Sayce.

DE DIIS IN LOCIS EDITIS CULTIS APUD GRÆCOS. Casparus Albers. Zutphaniæ, W. J. Thieme &; Cie., 1901. Reviewed by E. Sidney Hartland.

FABLES AND FOLKTALES FROM AN EASTERN FOREST. By W. SKEAT. Cambridge University Press. 7s. 6d.

INDIAN FABLES. By RAMASWAMI RAJU. Swan Sonnenschein. 5s.

RECORDS OF WOMEN'S CONFERENCE ON THE HOME LIFE OF CHINESE WOMEN. November, 1900. Reviewed by E. Sidney Hartland.     

Changes in the geographical distribution of the recruitment of apprentices to the London companies 1486–1750

By the late fifteenth century the migration field of apprentices to the London companies was very widespread, but from then until the eighteenth century there was a marked contraction. First, the proportion of apprentices coming from London itself increased considerably. Secondly, there were significant changes in the geographical origins of provincial recruits. An attempt has been made to measure this contraction, and it is shown that the average distance travelled by each provincial recruit fell during the period 1486–1750 from 212 km to 111 km. This contraction was due in part to changes in gild and corporation control, but was also affected by major demographic and economic trends. It is suggested that these produced a contraction of London's general migration field which continued until at least 1775.     

太宰治年谱（1909-1948）

明治四十二年（1909年）出生6月19日生于青森县北津轻郡金木村（现为五所川原市）大字金本字朝日山414号,本名津岛修治作为父亲津岛源右卫门和母亲夕子的第六个儿子,