英语世界的胡适研究

本文广泛收集和整理了英语世界的胡适研究成果,仔细阅读、推敲其中有代表性的著作,细致总结和概括出英语世界胡适研究成果的基本情况,划分和厘定了英语世界胡适研究史的不同发展阶段,以求在一个宏大的框架下更好地把握英语世界胡适研究的历史、现状及其走向。笔者发现自20世纪二三十年代起,英语世界就出现了零星的胡适传记和研究著作。五六十年代以来,与胡适相关的研究开始大量涌现:英语世界的研究者或在有关中国文学、哲学、史学、教育、外交、宗教等方面的著作中列专章,或者以专著、学术论文的形式对胡适进行研究,其中值得注意的是以胡适为专题的20多部博、硕士论文和专著。     

Neuroscience in the Nobel perspective

The Nobel Prizes for Physiology or Medicine have included a relatively large number of awards for work in the neurosciences, or for work construed to have made a contribution to neuroscience. These are recognized in this article by brief explanations of the particular contribution that warranted this magnificent (and munificent) award. The first prizes in neuroscience were awarded five years after the initiation of the Nobel Foundation's program. Up to 2005, 28 prizes have been awarded for achievements in neuroscience to 52 individuals.     

Neuroscience and the fallacies of functionalism

Smail's "On Deep History and the Brain" is rightly critical of the functionalist fallacies that have plagued evolutionary theory, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology. However, his attempt to improve on these efforts relies on functional explanations that themselves oversimplify the lessons of neuroscience. In addition, like explanations in evolutionary psychology, they are highly speculative and cannot be confirmed or disproved by evidence. Neuroscience research is too diverse to yield a single picture of brain functioning. Some recent developments in neuroscience research, however, do suggest that cognitive processing provides a kind of “operating system” that can support a great diversity of cultural material. These developments include evidence of “top-down” processing in motor control, in visual processing, in speech recognition, and in “emotion regulation.” The constraints that such a system may place on cultural learning and transmission are worth investigating. At the same time, historians are well advised to remain wary of the pitfalls of functionalism.     

中世纪天主教的信仰与危机:1000-1500年

在1000-1500年间,天主教欧洲见证了信仰事务上的多次危机,它们的性质、规模、影响以及重要性各不相同。在此期间,"信仰"伴随着"危机";但信仰没有受到严重的威胁。大多数危机是地方性或区域性的,持续时间也不长,从未达到真正的临界点。它们是可以用这种或那种方法来化解的,并总是能够得到化解,天主教对中世纪整个西欧的掌控因而从未受到严重的威胁,直到宗教改革改变一切。     

Town Houses in Taunton, 1500-1700

Abstract

In this article the author traces the evolution of the small to medium-sized town houses in Taunton in the period 1500–1700. He describes surviving examples of three, two and single cell houses, L-shaped, detached and semi-detached houses of the period, and after discussing building materials, compares them with developments elsewhere in the South West.     

一起尝尽世界特色美食

<正>在外旅游不外乎就是四个字——"吃喝玩乐","吃"字排在首位可见是多么重要。吃在旅行当中至少有两个重要的作用,其一就是保证体能,只有吃好了才能玩得好;其二便是领略不同的风味特色,对于去哪都背着卤鸡蛋、火腿肠、榨菜方便面的人来说,他们很难体会到旅游时品尝各地美食的快乐所在。     

Five Scientists at Johns Hopkins in the Modern Evolution of Neuroscience

Neuroscience’s evolution at Johns Hopkins, from neurophysiology to the new field of neurobiology, though unplanned, was rapid and important. Beginning in 1933 when Philip Bard became professor of physiology at Johns Hopkins, members of his department concentrated initially on neuroanatomical control of placing reactions and sexual activity. Vernon Mountcastle, extending available techniques, discovered vertical somato-sensory columns in the 1950's. Stephen Kuffler, who arrived at Hopkins in 1947, was a pioneer in single unit microelectrode recording techniques. He soon attracted scientists from all over the world to his laboratory. Among them, Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel discovered vertical neuronal columns in the visual cortex. During several decades at Johns Hopkins, these five scientists set extremely high scientific standards and established a climate of inquiry in which ideas were shared and young scientists encouraged. They contributed significantly to the emerging discipline of neuroscience.     

Neurology and the soul: from the origins until 1500

The mind-brain dichotomy recalls the soul-body duality and the tendency to individualize in the nervous system a location for the soul. In this paper, the author analyses some of the principal theories which attribute the soul to a cerebral location, from the origins until the year 1500.