从一元到多元:中国文明起源研究的心路历程

0 0 1年 1 2月 8日 ,由哈佛燕京学社等单位主办的中国文化研讨会第十六届年会在哈佛大学举行。会议的主题是“考古学与中国文明的再发现———纪念张光直教授学术研讨会”。在“张光直教授的考古学贡献”专题演讲中 ,有六位学者发言 ,他们就中国考古学的发展、中国古代文明起源的研究和张光直教授对中国考古学做出的杰出贡献 ,作了深入浅出的阐发。此次以中文为工具的考古学讲座 ,吸引了大量听众 ,引起很大反响。为了能够让读者及时了解演讲的内容 ,征得作者同意 ,我们特编发这组文稿。同时也希望通过这组文稿 ,使学术界对张光直教授的考古学贡献有更深层次的了解 ,从而进一步推动中国考古学和中国文明的研究。     

From Alloy Composition to Alloying Practice: Chinese Bronzes

We propose a new methodology based on standard statistical processes for displaying and rigorously comparing the alloy composition of archaeological bronze alloys. Although traditional approaches using visual comparisons of histograms of alloying elements in an assemblage of archaeological objects are adequate for observing differences between these distributions, we argue that differences in sample size cannot be adequately accounted for without using a statistical approach. We demonstrate this methodology by comparing the alloy composition of bronzes from the sequence of Bronze Age cultures in Central China—Erlitou, Erligang (Zhengzhou, or early Shang), Anyang (late Shang) and Western Zhou. We suggest that this approach allows the identification and rigorous comparison of ‘regional alloying practices’, which in turn enables us to link the alloy composition of the objects with the intentions and skills of foundry workers.     

马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化的融合与促进

中国传统文化自身的包容性、开放性和同化力以及马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化思想内容的相通和精神实质的一致,使二者有了融合的可能;马克思主义自身发展的需要和中国社会实践发展的需要,使二者的融合走向必然。二者的融合与促进是相伴而生的,一方面,马克思主义中国化促进了中国文化的现代转化;另一方面,中国传统文化也促进了马克思主义中国化的发展。     

从移民到选民：1965年以来美国华人社会的发展变化

196 5年是美国华人发展历史的分水岭。美国政府于该年修改移民法 ,承认种族移民机会平等。此后华人移民源源不断涌入美国 ,成为美国增长速度最快的移民群体。随着华人社会规模迅速扩大以及经济和专业实力的激增 ,美国华人开始积极参选参政 ,争取与其社会地位相当的政治权利。从移民到选民 ,是美国华人落地生根、茁壮成长的过程。假以时日 ,随着华人移民数量进一步激增 ,华人选民的政治影响力将有望接近美国犹太裔选民。     

从“共管”到“统合”:1644-1951年四川牛华溪区划变动研究

牛华溪是因盐业开发而兴起的共管市镇。民国时期牛华溪爆发了长达17年的区划纠纷案,最终引发了自身及犍乐盐区的区划变动。通过把区划变动的全过程还原于历史脉络,发现区划变动并不只是简单的政策导向或利益之争,而有其复杂的内生过程。牛华溪从"共管"走向"统合"的根本动力,是基于市镇自身发展所产生的内生性整合力。这种整合力把分属两县的市镇结成了一个牢固的地域共同体,从而不断推动"统合"的进程。清末地方自治的推行,为牛华溪重构自身所属区划提供了首次契机。民国初年的销岸之争,是地方精英正式提出并归诉求的直接原因。由于"盐区设治"更加符合各方利益,牛华溪并归问题最终被纳入到五通桥方案中而得以解决。     

从边缘走向主流——新移民与北美华人经济发展新动向

论文在实地调研的基础上,从北美华人移民来源地、移民数量、唐人街形态变化,特别是唐人街之间的城际长途巴士的发展等方面,揭示了北美华人经济的新动向,并从经济学角度进行阐释。认为近二十年来,新移民的持续增长为北美华人社会注入源头活水;唐人街的发展瓶颈被突破,出现了新的族群经济形态,如复合商城华埠（Mall Chinatown）等在各地涌现;华人利用族群特色寻求经营创新,华人大巴在短短十余年间开创了新的城际交通服务体系,改变了原有的行业格局,进而从边缘走向主流并影响主流。此外,北美华人科技产业利用大洋两岸各自的比较优势在跨国经营中逐渐兴起。新移民与中国因素、族群特色与经营创新,成为北美华人经济的活力之源。     

从内在矛盾运动看中国图书馆学的未来发展

唯物辩证法认为,任何事物的发展都是一个否定之否定的过程,而其根本动力则在于事物的内在矛盾。图书馆学作为图书馆自身发展规律的学说,反映了一定时代经济、政治、文化的发展状况和要求。中国图书馆学的历史发展不管分为多少阶段和多少模式,就其总体来看,它只经历了一次否定性的发展,这就是近现代“西学东渐模式”对古代“田园牧歌模式”的否定,而未来趋向必然是“综合创新模式”,这是由其内在矛盾发展决定的。     

从时代特点和社会发展需要看华侨华人研究的意义

华侨华人研究作为一门新兴学科要受到社会各界的重视,需从时代的特点和我国社会发展的现实需要两方面揭示其作用和意义。研究者尤其应当开阔视野,转变观念,从全球化的高度认识华侨华人问题,从中国走向世界的广度研究应对机遇与挑战的现实问题,从科学本身所要求的深度探索华侨华人生存发展和侨务工作的规律性问题。     

从留根教育到综合素质教育:西班牙华文教育发展的新趋向

论文梳理了西班牙华裔子弟华文教育的发展历程,借助实地调研、问卷与访谈等手段对当地华文教育现状进行了考察与分析,并在此基础上,探索了西班牙华人社会发展新形势下的华文教育新趋向。研究显示,西班牙的华文教育具有起步晚、发展迅速的特点,并存在教育资源分配不均的突出问题。近年来,西班牙华人社会的高速发展及社会需求的转变,促使当地华文教育由传统的以教授华语为主要目标的留根教育逐渐向旨在帮助华人二代移民适应当地社会、提高群体竞争力的综合素质教育转型。华文教育的变革折射出西班牙华人社会的发展变迁,为二代移民建立跨文化视角下的双向族群认同创造了条件。     

From soldiers to farmers: The political geography of Chinese Kuomintang territorialization in northern Thailand

This paper engages with the concept of territorialization through telling the story of the transformation of Chinese former Kuomintang (KMT) soldiers of Yunnanese origin and their descendants living in northern Thailand, from being opium and heroin traders and smugglers, to becoming mercenaries fighting against the Communist Party of Thailand in northern Thailand on behalf of the Thai military, to finally transforming into tea farmers and traders through receiving development aid support provided from the Republic of China (Taiwan). Taiwan's development aid was ostensibly only for humanitarian purposes, but in reality also had important underlying political objectives. We argue territorialization is a more-than-human political technology. In particular, it is argued that territorialization frequently combines both military politics and development politics, even though the literature often separates these two elements, as if they are not frequently intertwined and interrelated. Here, we show how these two forms of politics, one explicit and one much less so, can come together to create new social and economic realities, ones with important geographical and geopolitical implications.     

Mud Silk and the Chinese Laundress: From the South China Silk Industry to Mud Silk Suits in Maine

In 1921, bride Toy Len Goon (1892–1993), a peasant from Guangdong (Canton) South China, emigrated to Portland, Maine, USA where she and her husband ran a suburban laundry. She became a respected member of the community and, in 1952, American ‘Mother of the Year’. This article follows her biography by investigating a group of four recently rediscovered tunic and trouser suits preserved from her trousseau. The suits are made of Guangdong mud silk, a two-colour fabric distinguished by its black upper surface and brown underside. Mud silk is a little recognised, studied or collected South-East Asian textile. By examining mud silk and its manufacture within the context of Guangdong’s rise and decline as a major silk producer and exporter, this article contributes a new perspective to the present limited body of research on this regional textile.     

从“讼师”到“律师”——从翻译看近代中国社会对律师的认知

源自西方的律师制度在近代中国确立之前,英文中的lawyer等概念已经通过各种途径在中国译介并传播,且出现讼师、状师、法家、律师、辩护士等不同译法。最终,律师这一译词以立法的形式固定下来。译词的选择与使用,反映国人对律师制度及律师职业认知历程的嬗变。早期译介者以讼师这一传统概念对译lawyer一词时,并没有给予其明显的价值判断,但由于传统社会中讼师的不良形象,以及在中国官方话语的构造之下,讼师这一词汇本身承载的根深蒂固的负面意涵便被无限放大。这种负面意涵直到民国时期律师制度确立、律师阶层产生之后依旧存在,影响了律师阶层在近代中国地位、身份的确立。     

From medicine to psychotherapy: the placebo effect

If placebos have been squeezed out of medicine to the point where their official place in in clinical trials designed to identify their own confounding effect, the placebo effect nevertheless thrives in psychotherapy. Not only does psychotherapy dispose of placebo effects that are less available to medicine as it becomes increasingly technological and preoccupied with body parts, but factors of the sort inhibiting the use of placebos in medicine have no equivalent in psychology. Medicine today is disturbed by the placebo effect in a way psychotherapy is not. Psychotherapy does not have to grapple with such a disconcerting paradox as successful sham surgery, and unlike those physicians who once pretended to treat the patient's body while actually attempting to treat the mind, the psychotherapist can treat the mind in all frankness. Perhaps it is because psychotherapy is less burdened by doubts about the placebo effect that it was able to come to its aid when it was orphaned by medicine. It is vain to expect something with so long a history as the placebo effect to disappear from the practices of healing.