说"国必依山川"

古人认为山为神灵傧居之所,川则通达于山之涂,大邑国都是承天命之处,而天子则以事神祭祀恪谨天命为主任,为本职,“国必依山川”说的正是大邑国都依山傍水,以便于君主上通于神明,以神道政教天下。学者们以经济原因解之,以今度古之论也。     

“敬天”与“射天”:上古夏、夷族群融合之殇

上古中国西部族群多源于氐羌,其酋豪曰"大",死则火葬,灵魂"登遐"升至山上(祖山)谓之"天"。甲金文"天"字即"大"上加一横或圆圈,表示在上、上面、神灵之意,是以又有"天在山中"之说。文献如《墨子》《荀子》《吕氏春秋》等记载西方羌戎之人对于被俘本身并不特别担忧,最为担心的是死后灵魂能否"登遐"升天,即回归祖山圣地,此即西部族群的"敬天"传统。上古人认为族与族之战也是神与神之争,因此东方殷人、夷人西征夏、周要"射天"、射山、搏木偶"天神"。这个习俗远可追溯到尧时的羿"射日(天)",晚则战国宋王偃还在"射天笞地",都是对于西部族群神灵之"天"的厌胜之术,所谓"威服天下鬼神"。汉民族融合早期主要是西部诸夏族群与东部商夷族群之间交合的历史,长期交往中伴随着征战与杀伐,最后形成血的凝聚。新石器时代以来考古学文化区系的逐渐明晰,让我们进一步看清了这一点。     

《宋史·宋琪傳》正誤一則

《宋史》卷二六四《宋琪傳》稱太平興國"九年九月,上幸景龍門外觀水磑,因謂侍臣曰:‘此水出於山源,清泠甘美,凡近河水味皆甘,豈非餘潤之所及乎?’琪等對曰:‘實由地脈潛通而然,亦猶人之善惡以染習而成也。’"然同書卷一一三《禮志·遊觀》記載相同之事,時間卻明顯不同。稱太平興國"九年正月六日,幸景龍門外水磑,帝臨水而坐,召從臣觀之,因謂曰:‘此水出於山源,清澄甘潔。近河之地,水味皆甘,豈河潤所及乎?’宋琪等曰:‘亦     

大伾山摩崖石刻初探

大伾山,位于河南省浚县城东里许。商周时称犁山,汉时称黎阳山,东汉光武帝刘秀镇压河北王郎还师过此,在山上筑青坛祭告天地,并谥为青坛山。据《尚书·禹贡》记载:禹“导河自积石,历龙门,东过洛讷,至于大伾?贝髞缮剿姹缓笕擞坝砉泵健!?大伾山青石峥嵘,古柏苍翠,有宋以来保存较好的寺庙建筑群7处,亭榭台阁达138间。由于它的历史名望和地理风光,历代都吸引着文人名士、骚雅墨客到此题诗作赋、记事     

河南浚县大伾山龙洞摩崖

浚县位于河南省北部,县城东西有大伾、浮丘两山对峙,两山现存文物古迹甚多。龙洞地处大伾山东麓,黄河故道自山下北流。洞由山间罅隙构成,洞口直径约1米,在特殊的天气条件下,会出现白云出岫的自然景观,当地人俗称为龙洞。据嘉庆《浚县志·金石录》中乾德五年《西阳明洞记》,知在乾德五年前洞称为“龙窟”,乾德五年后曾称“西阳明洞”,其文曰: 大伾山侧有龙窟焉,虽祀典漏落,县图阙书,询其耆旧之言,验其岩壁之右, 自隋唐以来,每有事于水旱,尝下诏宰臣群官将命祠祷,爵里备书,是知其叩虚祈灵,垂世昭示也。窟之北有石壁,每至日昃,山半夕阳照明,勃勃□□皎如洞户。     

大伾山古貌粗探

大伾山地望和古貌是中国水利史上的一个学术悬案,唐以来颇有讹误代正之势。因此,据文献和考察探其古貌,就显得十分必要。“导河积石,至于龙门,南至于华阴,东至于砥柱;又东至于孟津;东过洛汭,至于大伾;北过降水,至于大陆;又北播为九河,同为逆河,入于海。”《尚书·禹贡》记述得清晰:华阴、砥柱、孟津、洛汭、大伾五地大致在一条直线上,本不应发生歧     

渐帮"鸿彰永"

股份经营 自汉口成镇,便有"本地人少异乡多"的说法.这里所谓"人"大多是商人,而非普通居民.换句话说,汉口自来就是外籍客商居多的城市.如早期的淮盐贸易多由徽州人经营,粮食的转运以湖南人居多,丝绸布匹、金银首饰为浙帮所专擅,而山货皮毛则是山陕商人的天下,如此等等.     

黄山:胜却人间无数

黄山,集"泰山之雄伟、衡山之烟云、庐山之飞瀑、峨眉之秀丽、华山之险峻"于一体;明代大旅行家徐霞客曾二游黄山,叹曰:"薄海内外无如徽之黄山,登黄山天下无山,观止矣。"在黄山的面前,时空变得狭小,沧桑变得平淡,它是大自然的骄子,独领天下奇山的风骚——     

大禹导河话河州

穿行在黄河南岸的古河州(今甘肃省临夏回族自治州和甘南藏族自治州)大地上,其地域之辽阔、山川之秀美、人文之荟萃,令人惊叹.河州文化与青海的河湟文化有着千丝万缕的联系,是河湟文化的摇篮和发祥地之一,对河湟文化产生了深远的影响,"花儿"成为共同的最具影响力的代表性文化. 河州地区山高林密、溪流密布、河流众多,是黄河上游重要的...     

西宁山陕会馆及其建筑特征

正西宁山陕会馆建筑是青海省西宁地区颇具影响的一处中式建筑,其建筑布局精心设计,各殿堂寓意讲究,追求古建筑高规格、大规模的文化心理由内而发。山陕会馆这种建筑特征,反映了清代至民国时期社会的变革和河湟地区商业贸易的崛起,深刻表达了新兴商人阶层要求相应社会地位的愿望。历史沿革与建筑布局清光绪十四年(1888年),由山陕商人集资在青海省西宁古城的东门外(今"义乌商城"地址)创建了"山陕会馆"。并在山     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.