Evidence for a Neolithic Age fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system in the lower Yangtze River Delta,China

Establishing stable cropping systems was vital in antiquity, assuring certain yields and enabling ancient people to settle, thus possibly causing various modern food habits and culture to form around the world, especially in cereal-cultivation-dominated countries. China, one of the most famous ancient agricultural countries, has a long history of rice planting, and the fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system is prevalent in the lower Yangtze region, which is considered a rice domestication center. However, its origin and cultivation pattern remain unclear. We studied a famous agricultural vestige, the Chuodun site, involved in rice planting in the lower Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, during the Neolithic Age. Clear evidence from archaeology, paleobiology, pedology and biogeochemistry suggest both that the rice fire-irrigation cultivation system formed during the Neolithic Age and that ancient peoples lived there steadily. Under this extensive cultivation system, soil structures and properties changed significantly; in particular, it left more black carbon in the soil and increased the organic carbon soil stability, which can be used to reconstruct prehistoric environments. Meanwhile, the prevalent fire-irrigation paddy cultivation system used by farmers in this area, though for a different purpose than ancient people, may be inherited from the Neolithic Age.     

市镇权力关系与江南社会变迁--以近世浙江湖州双林镇为例

自宋元至明清,中国的工商业市镇有了较迅速的发展,而明清江南地区的市镇发展尤为研究瞩目,但在这样一种从乡村脱胎而来、却又没有在帝国行政体系占据一席之地的新型聚落中,权力的组合与运作究竟如何进行,我们的认识还较模糊。通过发生在晚清湖州双林镇上的风波,并由此回溯该镇的各种权力资源自明代以来的发展变化,可以看到地方宗族、士绅、民间祭祀组织、外来人口以及官府在处理矛盾冲突过程中的不同表现,看到后起士绅把持的慈善组织－－崇善堂日益凸显的核心作用,从而透视区域社会的权力变迁。     

长江下游史前玉器概论

我国长江下游地区,平原沃饶,山青水秀,气候温和。四季分明,非常适宜古人类活动。早在30万年前,我们在的祖先就在这里生息。特别是新石器时代,先民们以自己的劳动和智慧创造了先进发达的原始化。这里是中国古代化的发祥地之一。对中华民族古代明作出了很多杰出贡献。如水稻栽培、干栏建筑、制陶琢玉、陶漆绘、     

New data and new issues for the study of origin of rice agriculture in China

China was one of the major centers for the origin of agriculture in the world. The origins of agriculture in China, especially the origin of rice agriculture, made a significant contribution not only to the occurrence of Chinese civilization but also to the development of world history. Recently, the study on the origin of rice agriculture has attracted the attention of the academic community due to the dramatic development of archaeobotanical research in China. In recent years, the flotation technique has widely implemented in archaeological excavations in China. As the result, a tremendous amount of plant remains have been recovered from archaeological sites, including those much related to the study of early rice agriculture. The new data provide direct archaeological evidence for, and raise some new issues about, the origin of rice agriculture in China. For example, the rice remains from the Shangshan site, dated to ca. 10,000 cal. B.P., suggest the beginning of rice cultivation regardless of whether that rice was domesticated or not. The quantitative analysis of plant remains recovered by floatation from the Jiahu site, dated to ca. 8,000 cal. B.P., revealed that the subsistence of the Jiahu people mainly relied on fishing/hunting/gathering, while the products of rice cultivation and animal husbandry were only a supplement to their diet. The ongoing excavation, with floatation and water-sieving, at the Tianluoshan site, dated to 6,000 to 7,000 cal. B.P., suggests that rice farming, though important, was only part of a broader subsistence pattern of the Hemudu Culture, and rice domestication culminated after 6,500 B.P and the beginning of rice domestication remain unclear.     

Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site,central China,reconstructed from weed seed assemblages

Archaeobotanical analysis of moat sediments from the Neolithic site of Chengtoushan, Hunan, China, provides evidence of the land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation around the site. Rice constantly appeared through the three phases of Daxi culture with high percentages, while accompanying wetland species of paddy field weeds gradually decreased. In contrast, foxtail millet increased together with upland field and ruderal weeds through the time. These changes suggest that foxtail millet cultivation was established with the expansion of dry farming in region of the site, while rice cultivation was continuously practiced on the alluvial plain surrounding the site. This diversification of land-use through the addition of foxtail millet cultivation may be attributed to population increase or as a buffer to natural disasters such as flooding. In addition, gathering of wild nuts and fruits continued alongside cultivation. These multiple strategies for food procurement provided sustainable food supply for the population of Chengtoushan for 1,800 years.     

Rice fields and modes of rice cultivation between 5000 and 2500 BC in east China

Recently, rice fields dated between 5000 and 2500 BC were found at the Tianluoshan sit in east China. The early rice fields dated between 5000 and 4500 BC are the oldest rice fields known. The discovery has provided data of recovering reclamation, cultivation, and the ecological system of rice fields in the Neolithic age. People opened up marshes of dense reeds with fire and wooden or bone spades, in order to create rice fields. In the rice fields, there was not only rice, but a lot of weeds as well. The excavations proved that little or even no weeding or irrigation was adopted. However, tilling soil by wooden and bone tools was evidenced. The average yields are estimated to have been about 830 kg for the early period and 950 kg per hectare for the later period. The cultivation system was low-level. Although the Tianluoshan people cultivated rice, they still obtained a great deal of food by gathering and hunting.     

咸同之际江南瘟疫探略——兼论战争与瘟疫之关系

太平天国战争期间江南发生的大规模瘟疫始自咸丰十年。同治元年达到高潮,同治三年随战争的结束而渐趋平息。它是清代江南地区爆发的波及范围仅次于嘉道之际大疫和疫死率最高的瘟疫,致使数百万人罹难。瘟疫的种类包括霍乱、疟疾、痢疾、天花、类霍乱,并可能存在伤寒和百日咳等。战争是这次瘟疫大规模爆发流行最关键的原因,同时,瘟疫也对战争的进程产生了一定影响。     

试论史前时期长江流域随葬猪下颌骨习俗

长江下游西部北阴阳营文化、薛家岗文化随葬猪下颌骨的习俗比较广泛,汉水流域甚至发展为主要以猪下颌骨随葬的葬仪。随葬猪下颌骨所彰显的财富与地位特征逐渐变强后再渐弱。距今7000年左右,即在随葬猪下颌骨的最初阶段,只体现出一定的财富属性。距今6000—4500年,随葬猪下颌骨隐含的财富与地位特征最强。之后,这种习俗渐趋消失,与财富、地位的关联性也微乎其微。随葬猪下颌骨的习俗可能是与黄河流域社会上层交流的要素之一。     

探索与论争:长江中游新石器时代晚期的文化谱系

本文系统回顾了上个世纪七十年代以来在长江中游地区新石器时代晚期考古学文化时空重建过程中的各种探索与争鸣,并对如何处理考古学文化交集现象,以及如何对考古学文化与类型进行界定进行反思。     

论长江下游地区船形砖室墓

本所及的长江下游地区,是指长江下游的南岸区域,包括江苏、安徽两省的江南部分和浙江省、上海市全境。     

Wild and domesticated forms of rice (Oryza sp.) in early agriculture at Qingpu, lower Yangtze, China: evidence from phytoliths

Rice cultivation in parts of the Yangtze valley, eastern China, is thought to date to at least the early Holocene. Using phytolith analysis, sediments from an exposed profile at Qingpu in the lower Yangtze were examined in detail in order to contribute to the growing body of information relating to the history of rice agriculture in the Yangtze delta area. The presence of phytoliths from domesticated rice, Oryza sativa, indicates that rice agriculture was well developed at Qingpu by ca. 2350 BP and may have increased in intensity from ca. 2100 BP. Rice cultivation at Qingpu was comparatively late in relation to other areas in the Yangtze valley, possibly due to the seasonal intrusion of saline waters, while the cultivation of wild rice remained a prominent feature of food production in the area to at least as late as ca. 1800 BP. Results presented here support the existence of a period of overlap, during which both wild and domesticated forms of rice were cultivated, rather than a linear transition from wild to domesticated rice cultivation and the possible influence of environmental factors over farming in an area subjected to frequent flooding.     

世博效应对长三角地区经济一体化的影响探析--兼论长三角地区区域经济一体化策略

在经济全球化的趋势下,长江三角洲地区经济一体化已经成为该地区经济发展不可逆转的趋势。本文结合2010年上海世博会的召开,分析了长三角地区经济一体化的战略意义及其基础,指出世博会对长三角地区经济一体化各个方面具有促进作用,并提出长三角地区区域经济一体化的对策。     

明清时期长江中下游地区的鱼苗生产与贩运

明清时期长江中下游地区鱼苗的生产与贩运较为兴盛．江西九江湖口一带是最大的鱼苗生产基地和鱼苗贩运集散地,其他一些江湖水系交汇、饵料丰富的地方的鱼苗生产与贩运往往也具有一定规模。渔民们在长期的鱼苗捕捞生产过程中积累了丰富的经验．鱼苗捕捞采集生产及贩运销售已形成一个较完整的体系,鱼苗市场规模盛大,鱼苗贩运渠道较广,销售辐射范围宽,贩运方式多种多样,官方参与并干预了鱼苗生产与贩运的全过程。     

长江中游新石器时代的显著成就和特色文化现象

本将长江中游的新石器化置于全国新石器时代的总体背景下,侧重于比较研究的视角,选取了五个方面的问题——聚落与建筑,栽培稻起源和史前稻作农业,白陶和彩陶,普用的巫物陶偶,高一级的灵物玉雕人首和动物,列举实证,以阐述长江中游新石器时代若干较显的成就和特色鲜明的化现象。     

我国"长三角"地区民营资本投资旅游业研究

近年来,我国长三角地区民营旅游经济发展迅猛,成为该区域旅游业发展的一大特点.本文选取了长三角39家涉及旅游业务的大型民营企业为研究样本,基于它们近10年来的投资资料,分析了长三角民营资本投资旅游业的特点,论述了民营资本投资旅游业的环境以及发展趋势.     

区域博物馆开放性叙事探究——以长三角区域博物馆展览叙事为例

传统的区域博物馆封闭性叙事固然能够强化对区域文化的集中阐释,但也有明显的视野局限.长三角区域一体化发展要求基于现代意识和全球眼光建设具有当代价值的江南文化,强调区域文化间的交互联动,推动区域博物馆叙事模式从封闭性向开放性转化.区域博物馆的开放性叙事建构可借鉴大英博物馆百物展叙事创新模式,从叙事空间的开放性、叙事结构的对话性和跨媒介叙事三方面重构博物馆叙事机制,这既能够反映区域历史和故事,也能够表述当下,更具主动参与性.探索建构江南文化的博物馆整体叙事路径,可从全球对话、主题展览、当代性叙事三个角度给予区域博物馆实践例证,并探索女性史、文创展览、物的关联等开放性叙事新方向.     

长江流域早期玉文化初论(下)

在长江流域,玉从一开始就几乎未进入过物质生产领域,而是一直作为精神化产品即“形而上”的物质载体而出现的,是美化、通灵、礼神、财富、权力、地位等等的象征物,包含着哲学、思想、宗教、艺术、心理、美学、工艺、制度、礼仪、习俗等等复杂的内涵．     

长江中游与黄河中游史前城址的比较

本文从城址及其所处聚落群变迁的角度对黄河中游和长江中游地区的史前城址进行比较研究,认为在新石器时代晚期,长江中游率先出现城;铜石并用时代早期,长江中游出现城址群,而黄河中游始有单个城的出现;铜石并用时代晚期,长江中游出现中心城址与非中心城址的差别而黄河中游城址群始涌现,到了青铜时代早期,长江中游的城址衰落,而黄河中游都城兴起。     

从长江下游地区新石器时代的狩猎工具看经济形态的转变

分析长江下游地区新石器时代的遗址中出土的劳动工具,特别是狩猎工具、骨、石镞和动植物遗骸交替增减的趋势,可以看出该地区新石器时代早期阶段以狩猎采集经济为主,小范围兼营稻作农业;中、晚期阶段一方面是狩猎采集经济持续下降的过程,另一方面也是农耕经济持续高涨的过程,最终形成了良渚文化时期的广域农耕经济体系。