美国史学界关于美国建国初期商业组织的研究

美国建国初期的商业组织不仅推动了经济发展,而且对社会民主化进程产生了重要影响。在过去一百多年间,美国史学界涌现出众多研究美国建国初期商业组织的论著。美国史学家围绕商业组织的政策制度、思想意识以及商业组织发展中的社会冲突展开讨论。随着研究的不断深入,学者们将商业组织的发展转变看做一个综合体,涉及社会各层面与领域的因素。在这个意义上,经济史变成了政治史和社会史。政治精英的态度、大股东活动与平民百姓生活都融入商业组织发展转变的叙述中,展现了一个时代的发展。     

Becoming Rafinesque: Market Society and Academic Reputation in the Early American Republic

This article focuses on how knowledge came to be valued in conflicting ways in the American Republic during the 1820s and 1830s – one based on a market model that considered knowledge to be a commodity for sale, and another that produced cultural value through social connections created in new academic institutions. Constantine Rafinesque, who taught at Transylvania University in Kentucky, and his research in the natural sciences serve as an example of the first sort of scholarship. His life also illustrates how a market society could lead to dandies, like Rafinesque himself, even in academia, and how that threatened both new middle class social proprieties and a system of clubby social relations that had come to dominate America’s colleges and universities in the early nineteenth century.     

操演的政治:现代国家仪式与民初政治合法性建构

现代国家仪式作为中华民国建立之初政权合法性建构的重要工具和措施,有其产生背景与契机,中国传统礼仪、节日文化为现代国家仪式产生提供本土资源,而随着近代中国逐步开放,西方现代仪式知识的传入及传播为现代国家仪式产生提供域外资源。民国成立为现代国家仪式提供制度保障的同时,也利用国家仪式操演,昭示新民族国家、新政府成立,并提供正统与道统支持,构建"革命"与"共和"作为民国"新传统",为新政权提供合法性支持。国家仪式及其政治文化,从传递社会记忆、维护政治秩序、构建文化传统、动员社会等方面形塑、表达和强化剧烈转型的民初社会的政治合法性。