Measuring ethnic belonging from within: The case of the Vuotso Saami

Finland anchors its legal definition of Saaminess in the bedrock of language ability either of oneself or of at least one of one's parents or grandparents. The Saami Nordic Council's Tromsø definition (1980) reech?s the official Finnish Statement (1973). Back in the villages, however, the grass‐roots Saami use other criteria when determining who is Saami, “blood”. This paper discusses the discrepancies between official government as well as ethnic political wing statements as to the components of Saami identity and those of foot‐soldier Saami in villages such as Vuotso, Finnish Lapland.     

旅游对皖南古村落影响的比较研究——以西递、宏村和南屏为例

安徽黟县的皖南明清古民居群是世界文化遗产,本文在对西递、宏村和南屏三个古村落调查的基础上,整理出旅游对古村落的经济、社会文化和环境的影响指数,并对比旅游对三个古村落的影响程度,分析了古村落旅游发展影响效应已呈现出的阶段性特点,即西递的旅游影响效应要高于宏村和南屏。并指出目前中国古村落的旅游发展过程中存在着相似的模式:古村落的保护、规划和旅游开发是旅游可持续发展的生命轴线,其中社区村民和地方政府是两个最重要影响因素,在古村落的旅游发展过程中,双方应在考虑到彼此的利益的前提下,达成良性的互动机制,以确保古村落旅游的可持续发展。     

乡村振兴视角下传统村落活态性特征及作用机制研究

基于传统村落活态性内涵,从村落人口、物质遗产以及非物质遗产3个方面构建传统村落活态性评价指标体系。通过访谈问卷、实地踏勘、文献查阅等方法获取数据,根据发展路径的差异划分传统村落类型,对分属旅游发展型、传统技艺型、综合开发型和生活服务型的湖南省永州市4个传统村落活态性进行测度。结果表明：①失活现象在各类型传统村落中较为普遍;②不同类型传统村落人口活态情况差异明显,其中旅游发展型村落人口活态性最好,生活服务型村落人口活态性最差;③不同类型传统村落物质遗产失活程度相对较轻;④不同类型传统村落非物质遗产失活程度整体较高。     

Community,state and power-relations in community-based tourism on Lekhubu Island,Botswana

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of a study investigating power relations between the local community and the state in the rural tourism development process in Botswana. The study was carried out in Mmatshumu and Letlhakane villages of the Boteti sub-district in Botswana. These villages act as the administrative centres of a community-based culture and heritage tourism project at Lekhubu Island. The Island is, itself, located about 45 kilometres to the north east of these villages. A qualitative research approach, utilising seven focus group discussions with members of the community and 17 individual interviews with key informants was adopted. To understand the power relations between the state (through the TAC) and the local community, the study focused on; the extent to which members of the local community feel they control tourism development process in Lekhubu Island; perceived level of power yielded by the state in the tourism development process at Lekhubu Island as well as; the implications of power differentials between the state and community for tourism development at Lekhubu Island. The results show that, contrary to the popular narrative about devolution of power in community-based tourism, the state remains a very powerful player in the overall decision-making process. Furthermore, the formation of local management structures (i.e. Trust) appears to simply create new power nodes which in turn continues the same legacy of community disempowerment.     

我国传统村镇旅游研究进展

不同专业背景的学者纷纷从不同的角度对传统村镇旅游进行研究和探讨,涌现了许多相关研究成果。这些成果主要集中在:传统村镇旅游资源特点和价值,传统村镇旅游开发,传统村镇旅游资源保护和开发,旅游对传统村镇的影响,传统村镇旅游流和客源市场,传统村镇旅游存在问题及对策。同时,我国传统村镇旅游研究还存在着一些问题。     

Plantation and village in coastal Guyana, 1887–1969: conflict or complementarity?

This study of livelihood patterns in a single rice village of coastal Guyana from 1887 to the present stresses economic and ecological linkages between the village and nearby sugar cane plantations. In the village of Bush Lot, typically populated by descendants of indentured plantation labourers from India, problems of maintaining drainage and irrigation canals have been compounded by a lack of village labour coordination. Varying yields from the community's ricefields have been affected by recurring drought and flood, so the villagers have never been full-time subsistence farmers. Rather, they have worked seasonally on the nearby plantations to supplement village farming activities. This part-time estate work has tended to inhibit social and political solidarity within Bush Lot. The plantations have coped better with water control than have villages. Nevertheless, the cane estates have depended upon nearby villages for seasonal labour. Although agricultural technology and scale of production have changed dramatically during the psst century, plantations and villages of the Guyanese coastal plain remain closely interlinked.     

British Framework Knitters in New England: Technology Transfer and Machine Knitting in America, 1820–1900

Abstract

The emphasis on the cataclysmic nature of industrialization espoused by mid-twentieth-century economic historians has more recently given way to a realisation that continuity was as important as discontinuity in the social and economic development of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Various branches of the textile industries provide good examples of such continuity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the documentary evidence to try to discover for how long handloom weaving survived in Wiltshire and Gloucestershire after the introduction of the power loom. It will also attempt to determine the motivation of a group of people who resisted being drawn into the factory system. The authors conclude that there is evidence that some homes remained workplaces at least until the 1870s in some villages, especially in Wiltshire.     

明清时期陕北社会宗族的形成与发展

明清时期 ,大量移民迁入陕北地区 ,组成不同类型的村庄。来自山西大槐树的传说 ,其背景是国家掌握了开发陕北的控制权。清代前期 ,陕北宗族一系列仪式、制度逐渐确立和规范 ,这是当地儒生实践儒家伦理的自觉行为与封建国家以教化为手段控制地方社会相契合的结果。同时 ,陕北宗族发展中表现出宗族与村庄紧密结合的特征 ,也反映了自然生态和社会结构之间的相互作用。     

古村落旅游开发的初步研究——以安徽黟县古村落为例

古村落是一种特殊类型的旅游地,其开发利用有其独特的个性。本文试以安徽黟县古村落为例对这一问题进行了初步探讨,文章对黟县古村落旅游资源进行了评述,指出可持续旅游是其开发的目标,基于此文章提出其旅游开发的原则和方向。     

中国社区旅游模式探讨——以徽州古村落社区旅游为例

综合国内外社区旅游研究文献,认为社区旅游不能进行界定,而只宜于进行描述。本文在此基础上提出了社区旅游描述性工具--社区旅游连续统。并结合徽州古村落各自的特点,对古村落社区旅游及相关策略进行探讨,认为古村落社区的弱势地位导致了社区旅游的非持续性态势,因而古村落社区应充分利用旅游发展促进社区发展的基础上,以"第三条道路"理念为指导,贯彻权利义务对等的原则,对所有社区旅游的利益相关者的要求进行折衷与选择,并结合各村落的旅游发展阶段,确定社区参与的层次和内容。     

Co‐opting Conservation: Migrant Resource Control and Access to National Park Management in the Philippine Uplands

The history of political and economic inequality in forest villages can shape how and why resource use conflicts arise during the evolution of national parks management. In the Philippine uplands, indigenous peoples and migrant settlers co‐exist, compete over land and forest resources, and shape how managers preserve forests through national parks. This article examines how migrants have claimed lands and changed production and exchange relations among the indigenous Tagbanua to build on and benefit from otherwise coercive park management on Palawan Island, the Philippines. Migrant control over productive resources has influenced who, within each group, could sustain agriculture in the face of the state's dominant conservation narrative — valorizing migrant paddy rice and criminalizing Tagbanua swiddens. Upon settling, migrant farmers used new political and economic strengths to tap into provincial political networks in order to be hired at a national park. As a result, they were able to steer management to support paddy rice at the expense of swidden cultivation. While state conservation policy shapes how national parks impact upon local resource access and use, older political economic inequalities in forest villages build on such policies to influence how management affects the livelihoods of poor households.     

EARLY VILLAGE LIFE IN SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA: RECENT FIELD INVESTIGATIONS AT THE GUARD SITE (12D29)

Abstract

Investigations at the Guard site (12D29), located in Dearborn County, Indiana, have provided evidence pertaining to the development of early Fort Ancient villages. Recent geophysical survey and excavations alongside many new radiocarbon dates have allowed for improved understanding of household architecture and intrasite variability. Although some scholars have hypothesized that Middle Fort Ancient villages developed out of small early Fort Ancient hamlets, the Guard site provides explicit evidence for villages early in the Fort Ancient sequence. Guard also contains key Mississippian indicators for interaction, particularly wall-trench architecture and a Ramey knife. These findings demand that we reconceptualize the inception of Fort Ancient villages.     

Hegemonic at home and subaltern abroad: Kamaiya masculinities and changing mobility in Nepal

As former bonded labourers (or slaves), the Kamaiya of far-west Nepal have a history of marginalization, poverty and limited mobility due to the constraints inherent in the Kamaiya system of bonded labour (banned in 2000). Based on ethnographic research in the post-slavery era, this article examines how mobility is becoming an important part of Kamaiya masculinities. I consider in particular an account of migration acquired over a series of interviews with a Kamaiya man named Ram. Ram’s migrant trajectory from Nepal to India and back over variable lengths of time reflect a broader literature on circular migration in India. I argue that transnationally performed migrant masculinities are alternatively subordinated and hegemonic across geographically diverse contexts. By accepting and performing subordinated, often oppressive masculine roles in a broader South Asian context, men such as Ram are producing new, locally hegemonic or at least desirable masculine roles in Kamaiya villages in Nepal.     

人口的增殖流动与明清华北平原的村落发展

影响村落生长的因素主要是村落人口的自然增殖与流动。融入型人口流动改变了村庄的姓氏结构,它是多姓村落形成的主要原因,而寄居型人口流动不但在一定时段改变了村庄的姓氏构成,对村落的裂变以及村落数量的增加也具有很大的影响,它是村落裂变分化的主要原因之一。     

Village Layout and Social Experience: A Comparative Study from the Northeast Woodlands

This paper examines the spatial configuration of two early fourteenth-century Woodland villages—one composed of longhouses (Nodwell) and one a ring-shaped arrangement of oval huts (Fort Hill). The contrasting spatial layouts of these sites are explored from the perspective of social interaction stress in early villages. Visibility Graph Analysis, a technique for analyzing the relational order of visual fields, is used to measure the properties of spatial integration and control in these settlements over the course of their distinctive occupation histories. Results reveal “top-down” vs. “bottom-up” dispositions toward spatial order that influenced the routine use of settlement space, the nature of village growth, and arguably, long-term trajectories of community development in regional longhouse and ring-shaped traditions.     

中国古村镇保护利用中的悖论现象及其原因

中国的古村镇保护利用工作经过了30多年的发展取得了积极的进步,但是也出现了因保护而破坏的严重问题。本文尝试从对古村镇定义的修订切入,将古村镇作为一种文化综合体和文化生态系统进行分析,强调古村镇是由器物、行为、制度、精神四个层面构成的文化综合体,是具有自组织性的文化生态系统,对系统中任意环节的破坏都会造成保护利用的悖论现象。在此基础上,本文总结出保护环境与破坏环境、重现建筑特色与消解建筑特色等四重"中国式悖论",并进一步从社会文化环境、理念认知、管理机制以及开发模式等层面分析了中国式悖论产生的原因。     

山地传统村落空间系统风险研究——以重庆为例

选取风险源、风险受体状态、风险响应三个方面16个指标,以外部自然、人文因素、传统村落内部景观和建筑结构等为切入点,构建山地传统村落空间系统风险评价体系,分析重庆市110个传统村落空间系统风险,并针对性地提出保护建议。研究表明：(1)构建的风险评价体系能够综合反映山地传统村落空间系统外部压力和内部脆弱性,体现其空间差异。(2)重庆市传统村落空间系统风险属较高及以上等级的有42个,占村落总数的1/3以上,主要分布于渝东南武陵山中山地区,如酉阳、秀山等地。(3)风险等级较高及以上的传统村落,应提升主体风险防范能力,合理规划村落发展,避免城镇边界扩张挤压传统村落空间,导致其非自然性衰落。山地传统村落空间系统风险研究从宏观揭示风险驱动因子,识别风险胁迫大小,对传统村落精准保护具有重要意义。     

长江经济带少数民族特色村寨的地域空间格局与影响因素

少数民族特色村寨即是彰显中国优秀传统文化的重要载体,也是推进乡村振兴战略实施的关键阵地。基于长江经济带国家级少数民族特色村寨数据,运用GIS技术及空间统计方法对三批次长江经济带少数民族特色村寨地域空间分布格局进行分析,并结合地理探测器模型探索其影响因素的空间异质性。结果表明：长江经济带少数民族特色村寨的空间格局呈现集聚分布形态,整体体现出以黔东南、滇西、湘西为核心的三足鼎立格局和“大集中、小分散”的分布特点;三批次少数民族特色村寨空间分布重心向西方向迁移,分布总体走向呈现逆时针旋转变动;少数民族特色村寨空间分布格局呈现由“多个高密度核心区”向“一核多点”结构形态再到多核驱动的“多地开花式”演化;少数民族特色村寨空间分布具有较强的空间正相关性,冷热极化现象显著;自然地理因素、经济发展水平、资源禀赋条件、人口分布状况、文化服务环境等因素对少数民族特色村寨地域空间格局影响显著,且影响程度存在空间差异。最后,提出长江经济带少数民族特色村寨空间格局优化及振兴发展的建议。     

The Chronology of Settlements with Pre‐Inca and Inca Occupations Superimposed: the Case of Pucará de Tilcara (Humahuaca Gorge,Argentina)

The region of the Central and South Andes was, in about the ninth and 15th centuries ad , the stage for the development of political systems tending towards demographic centralization in villages with defensive structures, known as Pucará. The chronological accuracy for these phenomena still remains uncertain, mainly because it involves intervals of long and superimposed occupations, masked by the Inca domination. Thus, this paper analyses the history of the occupation at Pucará de Tilcara, one of the biggest populated centres of the Humahuaca Gorge (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina). Twenty‐five radiocarbon dates are critically evaluated to judge its reliability. The Bayesian statistics show that all the dated spaces were used on a long‐term basis. The most ancient signs are in the middens and relate at least to the 10th century ad , and the occupation of the housing areas could be calculated to the 13th and 16th centuries. A phase of higher intensity of occupation is observed during the Inca period. This redefinition of this site occupation shows the need to statistically analyse the dates in order to differentiate the phases of occupation.     

京郊四村80年:乡民社会的历史图景与现实处境

20世纪20年代李景汉调查的京郊四村长期以来一直得到学术界的关注,2006～2008年,我们又对京郊四村进行了田野调查和文献研究,目的意在秉承前辈学者的研究理路,以村民的收入和消费为主线,呈现其从乡土社会到城市街区的转换历程,以及失地农民在适应城市生活中所面临的诸多问题。作为城乡关系的"连接点",大城市边缘村落既是乡土社会转型的前沿地带,也是都市化引发社会矛盾和冲突的焦点。因此,对京郊四村的再研究,不仅续写了村庄的历史,更突显了认识和记录中国社会变迁的价值所在。