El misterio de los capı´tulos perdidos de la Cro´nica mexicana de Hernando de Alvarado Tezozomoc

A mediados del siglo diecinueve en una copia manuscrita de la Cro´nica mexicana (CM) de Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc hecha en 1792, Joaqu?´n Garc?´a Icazbalceta (1825–1894) escribe en la “Advertencia” al lector: Tanto en el Cata´logo impreso del Museo de Boturini, como en el Inventario que hizo de sus papeles el fiscal de la causa y anda unido a esta se dice que esta Cro´nica contiene 112 cap?´tulos. Esta copia solo comprende 110 sin que se advierta ninguna falta en el principio ni en el fin. La cita que hace Dn. Carlos Sigu¨enza del cap?´tulo 82 de esta obra para apoyar un hecho histo´rico (alaman, disertaciones, loc. cit.) corresponde en mi copia al cap 80, por lo que se advierte que la discrepancia de la numeracio´n esta´ en los primeros ochenta cap?´tulos. Esta duda solo pudiera aclararse teniendo a la vista el original que fue de Boturini; pero este lo creo perdido.     

Actualite´

The child and childhood were vital aspects of the ideology of the French Revolution, and the education of the young in the new ways of thinking was perceived as an urgent ideological enterprise in the 1790s. Little attention has been paid, however, to the strategies employed by writers of books for the young to mould a young and impressionable readership. The decade saw an attempt to revise from the grass roots level children's experience of books and their ways of reading, both for leisure and for educational purposes. This paper considers how this aim evolved in a crucial period in the history of French children's literature with particular reference to the narrative of exemplary lives.     

L'e´volution et la diffusion de la doctrine fe´de´raliste dans l'apre ¤ s-guerre: l'exemple de l'Union europe´enne des fe´de´ralistes

Ne reposant le plus souvent que sur des idées abstraites ou des voeux pieux, le sentiment européen s'est bien souvent cantonné à l'espérance, voire à l'incantation: faire l'Europe pour que cessent les guerres. Les grands événements internationaux du XXe siècle, qui, àdeux reprises, démontrent àquels extrêmes peut conduire l'idée nationale, offrent cependant une chance aux européistes de se faire entendre. C'est surtout le cas de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, au cours de laquelle des hommes, dans différents pays, posent les bases d'une pensée fédéraliste ambitieuse, présentée comme une solution raisonnable apte àfaire cesser le cycle guerrier. Chose inédite, ces mêmes hommes projettent la création d'une véritable plate-forme rassemblant tous les mouvements qui se réclament de cette pensée: c'est la naissance de l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes (UEF) en décembre 1946. Ce mouvement, fortement liéàl'esprit de la Résistance, souhaite mettre sur pied ce qui a toujours fait défaut àl'européisme: une organisation efficace, un recrutement ouvert et des campagnes d'opinion intenses. L'UEF peut être ainsi étudiée àtrois échelles différentes: l'échelle chronologique d'abord, qui permet d'observer l'évolution, en quelques années, d'un groupe qui se réclamait, àla Libération, d'une Europe Troisième Force et de voir comment celui-ci adapte son discours aux péripéties de la Guerre froide; l'échelle idéologique ensuite, car l'UEF n'est qu'un cadre où s'experiment de manière parfois contradictoire des doctrines fédéralistes d'origines culturelles diverses; l'échelle interne, enfin, qui nous permet d'exposer les différentes composantes géographiques du mouvement et leurs capacités de mobilisation en Europe. Nous pourrons, àtravers ces trois questionnements, tenter de comprendre les particularités de militantisme européen, incarné àcette époque par l'UEF, et les raisons de sa brusque disparition après l'échec de la CommunautéEuropéenne de Défense.     

Narratives of resistance in Marc Bloch's L'E´trange De´faite

Marc Bloch's L'E´trange De´faite is a fundamental text of the French Resistance, a narrative about the will and means to resist in a society that seemed to have defeated itself. Bloch's belief that resistance began with a critique of French social and political culture made L'E´trange De´faite a therapeutic work for Bloch himself, as he wrote it in 1940, and for the French when it was first published in 1946. The core of the work is Bloch's effort to think as a historian about change in order to counter the paralysing effects of the traumatic memory of the First World War in France. It is a romantic text as well because the assertion of a new French identity, a goal shared by all internal French resistance movements, was an unrealised dream when Bloch wrote in 1940 and therefore could not yet be betrayed, as many of his Resister readers already thought was happening when L'E´trange De´faite appeared in 1946.     

Les deux identite´s de la France

Regionalism is an important element in the representation of French identity. Often considered as a right-wing ideology, it appeared as a left-wing movement in the 1960s, and references to regionalism are to be found in much French political discourse today. This article highlights the place of the regionalist element in French identity by advancing the hypothesis that for more than a century there has been a dual French identity. The Third Republic asserted that France was 'one and indivisible', but also that the country was richly diverse. The exaltation of diversity permitted the reaffirmation of French superiority over other nations. In order to develop a mass education grounded on patriotic feeling, those responsible for education declared that this had to be based on children's spontaneous affection for their 'petite patrie'. The regional identities celebrated in republican France are not at odds with national identity. The process of constructing national identities in Europe led to the creation of a 'check-list' forming the basis of all national identities. Regional identities were constructed on the basis of a dual relationship between the local and the national: the model of the national as a perfect mosaic of diversity, or the model of the 'mise en abyme', that is, the local representing the national in miniature.     

L’e ´cologie en politique: Marginale hier,centrale aujourd’hui

Cate, C., André Malraux: A Biography (Hutchison, 1995), xvi + 451pp., £25, ISBN 0 09 174856 9

Raymond, G., André Malraux: Politics and the Temptation of Myth (Avebury, 1995), 212pp., £35, ISBN 1 85972 132X     

Inscribing the border: Schizophrenia and the aesthetics of Aztla´n

Late modernity is replete with new borders that defy traditional geographic notions of scale. The irruption of such transverse borders is seen by some as signalling a threatening loss of the link between place and identity. Yet others have viewed this as a productive decentring. The Chicano movement and the aesthetic production that arises from it illustrates this productivity. Chicano national identity is actively produced through the revisioning of space that both draws from and defies geopolitical borders. This challenges geographers and other border-based scholars to rethink the ways that borders manage late modern power.     

'Tout cela,je ne voulais pas le laisser perdre': Colonial lieux de me´moire in the comic books of Jacques Ferrandez

A comic-book series by French artist Jacques Ferrandez serves as a case study of how Pied-noir memories of Algeria are given expression in popular culture. Ferrandez recreated French Algeria as a virtual place of memory in his five-volume Carnets d'Orient , by borrowing images from colonial postcards and orientalist paintings, as well as stories from sources including his own family history and French travel writings about the 'Orient'. Although he provides a useful critical perspective on the colonial period, he is limited in this effort by his identification with the Pied-noir community, and his desire to memorialise French Algeria.     

Promoting Radical Change: The Loi Relative a` la Solidarite´ et au Renouvellement Urbains in France

At the end of 2000, France enacted major reform of its planning system in the Loi relative a` la solidarite´ et au renouvellement urbains (Loi SRU). It presented a restructuring of the instruments of land-use planning and in addition carried sections that dealt with housing policy and urban transportation. It linked the preparation of plans to emerging forms of local government. Using Hampson's analysis of the causes of the French Revolution, this article identifies both the long-term structural weaknesses and the contingent decision-making of the previous decade that led to reform. It concludes that the Loi SRU is probably not as radical as it was promoted as being, but may nevertheless be instrumental in achieving evolutionary change. Avenues for future research are identified.     

'Le Pre´sident des Terres Australes': Charles de Brosses and the French Enlightenment Beginnings of Oceanic Anthropology

In 1756, Charles de Brosses, President of the Burgundy parliament, published his Histoire des navigations aux terres australes , the first systematic summary of voyaging narratives by European navigators in the Antipodes. While historians of Pacific exploration have long recognised the significance of this text, its reflections on the human inhabitants of the South Seas appear never to have attracted critical attention. The present essay focuses on de Brosses's division of the main part of this 'fifth part of the globe' into regions he named 'Australasia' and 'Polynesia', and his speculations on the racial derivation and societal types of their native populations. It will be shown that these ideas had a major impact on how subsequent writers, especially Bougainville and J.R. Forster, understood the indigenous peoples of the Pacific. Similarly, Histoire des navigations aux terres australes will be considered in relation to de Brosses's wider ethnological corpus, and to a general flowering of anthropological thought in Enlightenment France.     

Actualitie´s The ambivalent Jacobin: Vincent Wright as a political historian of modern France. An appreciation

The article situates the Jospin government in the mainstream of European social democracy, and its experience highlighting the continuing diversity of national social democratic governance. The article is divided into four parts. First come a brief consideration and definition of social democracy, followed by a more detailed discussion of the elements necessary to construct a comparative framework of analysis. The third section focuses on the French experience, specifically setting the Jospin government within the framework developed above. The conclusion re-addresses the nature of social democracy by demonstrating how the Jospin government's time in office contributes toward a general understanding of its evolving practice.     

El co´dice ilustrado (1615/1616) de Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: hacia una nueva era de lectura

Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru. Por ROLENA ADORNO. Second edition, with a new introduction. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. Pp. lix, 194.     

那云,那山,那林,那人,那水……

<正>天空上飘逸的欢迎仪仗队山青则水碧,天高则云淡——这话一点不假。9月27日,我们是在临近桦甸的路上开始感觉到它的清澈。