"近五百年来中国社会结构变迁"国际学术讨论会综述

近500年特别是19世纪以来,中国社会结构处于急遽的历史变动进程之中,探寻转型与变动中的中国社会结构及其内在奥秘自然成为社会史学研究的重要课题与方向。由南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院共同主办的“近五百年来中国社会结构变迁”国际学术讨论会即围绕近500年来中国社会结构的历史变动主题,在社会结构的特征及其变迁、经济发展与社会结构变动、社会阶级阶层结构、社会流动与社会分层、城市社会结构、国家与社会结构变动等方面进行了深入研讨,力图再现500年来中国社会结构变迁的历史图景,并为当代中国社会结构转型提供历史借鉴。     

中国人口寿命的时间变化和区域差异

本文论述了我国人口平均预期寿命的时间变化和区域差异,分析了我国\"百岁寿星\"的地理分布态势,提出了防治老年性疾病和艾滋病、增进延年益寿的积极意义。建国后,我国人口寿命的年度变化可分为快速增长和平缓增长两个时期,在区域差异上有明显的城乡差异,东、西部地区之间和民族地区之间的差异也比较明显。     

日本现代化的人口条件

现代化之初,日本的人口有四个基本特征,即高密度、低增长率、低依赖性人口和高素质。高密度的人口是日本现代化的不利因素,如何化不利为有利是日本现代化的关键,而低增长率、低依赖性人口和高素质则是日本经济起飞的重要条件。     

一部展现当代中国社会历史全貌的著作--读《当代中国社会史》

中国社会史研究自20世纪80年代全面复兴以来,逐步从历史学的边缘领域走向舞台中心。1996年,为进一步确立社会史学科的性质、任务和地位,加强对社会史研究的“宏观把握、整体架构工作”,由龚书铎任总主编,曹文柱和朱汉国任副总主编的8卷本《中国社会通史》出版面世,描摹了先秦至民国数千年间中国社会发展变迁的历史图景。     

School quality and rural in-migration: Can better rural schools attract new residents?

Studies in the nonmetropolitan population change literature have largely focused on the role of natural amenities and economic restructuring, but few have focused on the role of public services. This paper addresses the question of whether public services in nonmetropolitan counties, specifically the outcomes of public schools, could attract migrants. We use a Poisson regression technique little-used in the migration literature to control for push and pull factors driving migration patterns and control for school quality. Results show that better schools can draw migrants to nonmetropolitan areas. Marginal effects are larger for nonmetropolitan counties not adjacent to metropolitan areas.     

1949～1976年河北省际人口迁移与社会结构变动

1949年10月到1976年12月的河北省际人口迁移,大体可划分为三个阶段:1949～1959年累计净迁入120多万人;1960～1967年因经济困难导致人口大量外流至北京、天津、内蒙古及东北各省市,累计净迁出160多万人;1968～1976年累计净迁入60多万人。河北省际人口的迁移受社会经济发展的影响,显示出不同时期社会经济的特点,同时也影响着人口数量的变化、人口的再分布以及社会经济生活的各个领域。省际人口迁移对河北省社会结构变动产生了积极影响,也留下一些值得吸取的经验教训。     

Antagonism,Neo‐liberalism and Movements: Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast

Abstract: The “movement of movements” has reached an impasse, from which innovation and expansion appear out of reach. Given these circumstances a re‐examination of concepts such as antagonism and class hatred might be timely. Antagonism has never disappeared. It is present in climate‐change politics as much as in those of the Black Bloc—both examples we discuss here. Indeed antagonism permeates capitalism and drives capitalist development. But a politics founded purely on antagonism quickly comes up against its own limits. The transformative power of love—whilst simultaneously coupled in productive tension with antagonism—offers the possibility of exodus.     

Social and political trust in Istanbul and Moscow: a comparative analysis of individual and neighbourhood effects

Aiming to bring local context into studies of social capital, our study uses samples of 4006 individuals in Istanbul and 3476 in Moscow using a comparable questionnaire. The stratification of each city's neighbourhoods on the basis of socio-economic characteristics provided the basis for the sampling. Using a multilevel modelling procedure, we show both that locality matters (neighbourhood effect proved significant) and that social capital may indeed be constituted in very particular ways in illiberal democracies such as Russia and Turkey. Social and political trust are frequently thought to contribute to social capital – that is, to provide social resources upon which individuals or groups may draw for their political efficacy. Trust in fellow citizens in Istanbul exhibits a positive relationship to associational activities (joining clubs etc.), while in Moscow social trust can be explained predominantly in terms of (lower) socio-economic status. At the same time, important similarities emerged between the two cases. For social trust, in both cities the 'cosmopolitanization thesis', which holds that those who associate more widely are also more trusting of fellow citizens, generally applied. Further, in both cities, residents with lower socio-economic status (though in Moscow this is complicated by education) and lower likelihoods of engagement in direct political action were more trustful of parliament . While this is the opposite of what we have been led to expect based on Western democratic polities, it is a reasonable outcome of illiberal democratic governance operating in these two cities.     

人口流动对边境地区人口安全的影响及机制分析

本文关注我国边境人口变动和人口流动状况,着重分析了人口流动对边境人口安全的影响机制,并探讨了边境人口流动的影响因素。研究发现,①边境县域人口总体规模稳中略降,人口增速和增量持续减少;②人口净流出已逐步成为边境人口变动主要因素;③边境人口变动与流动影响程度有明显区域差异。外流风险型地区已出现明显的人口负增长和外流,人口安全缺乏数量和质量保障;相对稳定型地区人口保持低速增长,但其人口净流出水平正不断提高,有向外流风险型转变的趋势;相对封闭增长型地区人口增长较快,但流动性较弱。各类边境地区人口流出流入呈现不同特征,并受到经济、教育、城镇化、民族、政策等不同因素影响。     

Measuring Inequality: A Fortran Program for the Geni Index,Schutz Coefficient,and Lorenz Curve

Abstract

A new occupational stratification scale, “HISCAM” (historical CAMSIS), has been developed to facilitate the analysis of data coded to the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations. This article describes the derivation and properties of the HISCAM measure. The scale was derived using patterns of inter-generational occupational connections, replicating a method of “social interaction distance” analysis which is widely used in contemporary sociology. Analysis was performed on data for the period of 1800–1938, principally derived from marriage registers covering Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, and encompassing over two million inter-generational relationships. Researchers report how several different HISCAM scales were evaluated and show how this approach can explain social stratification and inequality in the past.     

浙江三泉村700年变迁模式试探

三泉村自南宋淳熙八年(1181)建村,至明嘉靖三十四年(1555),先后产生了2名进士、1名举人,但随着人口的繁衍,村区人口无传率上升,夫妇年龄差增大,人文逐渐衰弱,700年问历经了盛衰变迁。这一变迁模式对于以农业为主业的传统山村社会具有一定的普遍意义。     

我国城市住区社会经济空间结构的变化

随着城市住房改革的不断深化,我国城市住区的社会经济空间结构正在发生巨大的变化。本文从分析城市住区社会经济空间结构的变化及其原因入手,探讨了这种变化对城市社会经济的影响。     

Single female tenants in South Delhi – gender,class and morality in a globalizing city

Based on ethnographic data gathered over 12 months of fieldwork with unmarried women living alone or in flat-shares in different middle class South Delhi localities, this article traces the way shifting gendered norms – often epitomized by growing numbers of single women households – are negotiated within class specific and highly localized contexts of the residential neighborhood. Despite growing economic opportunities for middle class and elite women, cultural anxieties surrounding the notion of ‘delayed’ marriage and women living outside of the familial or marital home persist and obstruct attempts at establishing independent households. Single women experience difficulties finding apartments to rent; have to contend with hostile intrusions from neighbors; or feel obliged to self-monitor their behavior within their neighborhoods. As South Delhi’s liberalised urban landscape has become home to an increasingly globalized, consumerist middle class, disciplinary measures such as curfews, regulations over houseguests and increased surveillance simultaneously indicate a middle class recalibrating its gendered social coordinates by proving its commitment to values of female propriety. While popular discourses draw juxtaposed imaginaries of the ‘modern’ and the ‘traditional’ in their depictions of increasing individualism and a loosening of ‘traditional’ role expectations, this article demonstrates the need to consider the different structural conditions and local inflections in which struggles over women’s agency take place. Looking beyond the supposedly universalizing forces of globalized consumer modernity, the residential neighborhood hereby provides a view into the lived experiences of – at times incongruous – mechanisms at play in societies undergoing social change.     

俄罗斯西伯利亚人口状况及其地理分析

西伯利亚人口问题一直非常尖锐,20世纪90年代以来更有不断恶化趋势。基于1989年和2002年俄罗斯人口普查资料,对西伯利亚人口状况及其动态变化进行了分析,得出了一些重要结论:1989-2002年间西伯利亚人口减少了95.9万,减少幅度达3.7%,远高于全俄1.5%的平均减幅;出生率降低、死亡率提高和人口大量迁移导致多数城市和区域人口持续减少,劳动力短缺问题日趋严重,制约了地区经济的发展;实现人口自然增长、调节人口迁移、引进合法移民乃西伯利亚人口和经济社会发展的当务之急。     

清代以来塔里木盆地东部罗布人的生活及其环境变化

罗布人是生活在新疆塔里木盆地东部罗布泊地区的土著民族,以渔猎为生。300年来,不仅他们的语言、生活习俗发生了巨大的变化,生活在罗布泊一带的人口数量也有非常大的变化。本文根据文献记载分析了罗布人的生活习俗和生活地域环境及其变化,认为罗布地区河流湖泊的变化是罗布人生活发生变化的主要原因。     

读书仕进是提升明清家族社会地位的基本途径——明清福建几部族谱的分析

明清福建经历了迅速中原化的过程,家族发展就是典型的例证。为了壮大家族,发展教育、谋求入仕和仕途升迁成为其不二选择。族谱本身往往就是家族在入仕和仕途晋升中成就的体现。首先,在谋求入仕过程中,经商成为改善家族经济条件、为子弟读书提供物质保证的中间手段。家族教育的兴盛有赖于退职致仕官员、经商致富者及广大族人。其次是通过国家官员考核机制决定升降。在这个阶梯里,再次决定社会地位的高低变化,第一步未能走好,成为下层等级的官员还可以获得再次爬升的机会,而第一步即走入高级统治阶层的人们,也可能在这个阶梯游戏中丧失已有的地位,被贬为下层官员甚至平民。科举选拔机制和官员考核机制的结合,才构成一个普通民众社会地位变迁的全过程。     

黑河流域居民生活质量研究

以《Calvert-Henderson生活质量指标》一书为理论指导构建了生活质量评价指标体系,通过开展生活质量问卷调查及查找相关统计资料,运用主成分分析法确定指标的权重,研究了我国西北地区第二大内陆河流域-黑河流域城乡居民2004年的生活质量。具体的评价结果是:黑河流域城镇居民生活质量明显高于农村;黑河流域城市居民生活质量表现出中游高于上游和下游;黑河流域农村居民生活质量以乡镇为单位计算差异显著;黑河流域农村居民生活质量中游略好于上游、下游;影响黑河流域城乡居民生活质量的主要因素是收入、教育和住房。     

中国城市社会阶层空间化评价的思路与方法

探索了一种专门适用于中国城市内部社会阶层空间化评价的思路与方法,提出“五等级+八阶层+三视角”的分析框架。主要过程为：①以职业身份为基础划分为八大社会阶层;②基于组织资源、经济资源、文化资源占有情况归入到五大社会经济等级并赋分值;③选取适宜的空间尺度构建城市社会阶层评价区;④提出一种平均社会阶层水平（ASC）、社会阶层区位熵（LQSC）、阶层差异指数（ISC）的计算方法,并综合评价各社会阶层区的平均社会阶层、主导社会阶层、内部阶层差异特征。将该方法应用到广州市的案例研究,结果表明：广州市社会阶层呈现明显的空间集聚与空间分异;不同社会经济等级人士具有各自不同的区位指向;不同评价单元内部的社会阶层差异程度各异,且与平均社会阶层水平趋势相反。该思路可为中国城市内部社会阶层的空间化研究提供一个可供选择的视角。