发展与困惑——新时期中国大陆的妇女史研究

本文是对 2 0世纪 80年代以来中国大陆妇女史研究发展历程的总结与思考。作者认为妇女史定义应涵盖以妇女为研究对象的历史和以女性视角撰写的历史 ;论述了妇女史在中国的产生、发展、断裂、复兴过程与当前妇女史研究的特色以及妇女史对于传统史学的借鉴与超越 ;提出了当前妇女史研究中存在的一些值得探讨的理论问题 ;并指出当前应做好基础研究 ,不必急于建立理论框架 ;要积极与国外学者对话 ,但不要盲从。     

Ageing and Dependency in India

This paper modifies the measurement of dependency and applies it to the Indian situation at the state level. It is generally believed that the aged are a burden on the family and the nation as they do not contribute to the national income. This is not always true. In India: 40 per cent of those aged 60 and over are working, which rises to 61 per cent in the case of males. On the other hand, there are adults (age group 15–59) who are not working and are dependants. In the measurement of dependency, adjustments for these factors are essential. This study employs three measures of dependency, namely (i) old age economic dependency, (ii) adult dependency and (iii) relative dependency. Based on these dependency ratios, inter-state variations and gender differentials in dependencies have been studied. The study shows that relative dependency of the old age population is lower than the adult population, and the opportunity of harvesting the demographic window is being missed in India.     

Women and Rural Development Policies: The Changing Agenda

The aim of this paper is to review and evaluate policies directed at rural women in the Third World, as reflected in WID research and policy documents. This review covers the assumptions behind the advocacy of direct assistance to rural women, the goals that are sought in providing such assistance and the means advocated to achieve them. An attempt is made to show how the agenda of mainstream WID research and policy formulation has closely followed, reflected and responded to changing international priorities in matters of development assistance in a manner that leaves crucial redistributive and political issues tangentially addressed and unresolved.     

Beyond Naivety: Women,Gender Inequality and Participatory Development

In recent years, participatory development has become an established orthodoxy among development agencies across the political spectrum; at the same time, the importance of consulting with and recruiting women has been highlighted in most discussions of participatory strategies. Drawing on the author's own research and a range of secondary sources, this article focuses on gender aspects of participatory projects. The evidence suggests that gender inequalities in resources, time availability and power, influence the activities, priorities and framework of participatory projects just as much as ‘top-down’ development and market activities. Contrary to the view of a number of writers and activists on participatory development, increasing the numbers of women involved in participatory projects cannot, therefore, be seen as a soft alternative to specific attention to change in gender inequality. Meeting the demands of poor women in the South will require not only local participatory projects, but a linking with wider movements for change in the national and international development agenda.     

旅游兴县不是梦——浅议互助旅游资源的开发与利用

互助旅游资源概况互助土族自治县是全国唯一的土族自治县,它位于青海省东北部,是中国南丝绸之路和蒙藏两地藏传佛教文化圈交流沟通的重要通道,也是夏都西宁市的“后花园”。县城威远镇距青海省省会西宁市40公里,距兰州市240公里。全县总人口37.5万人,有土、汉、藏、蒙古、回等11个民族,     

Alternative Development Strategies for Women in Rural China

Three major strategies for enhancing women's role in economic development in rural China are in evidence in the 1980s: (1) replacing male labour in agriculture, (2) employment in rural industry, and (3) ‘household’-based commodity production. The implications of each strategy for women's economic roles and for the structuring of gender in rural China are analysed. Particular attention is given to explicating unanticipated reasons for women's and Women's Federations' attraction to the third alternative. The concept of ‘strategy’ is examined in this context. The analysis is based on fieldwork data, including interviews and household surveys, collected in three villages in Shandong during the summer of 1986 and the winter of 1987–8.     

社区驱动的非遗开发与乡村振兴:一个北京近郊城市化乡村的发展之路

在近现代以来的政治和文化话语中,"乡村"常被视为现代性的"他者",是被动的、有待自上而下的努力去拯救的地方,其自身的主体性以及包括非物质文化遗产(以下一般简称为"非遗")在内的文化传统往往被无视或低估。上述观念应该予以修正。北京近郊高碑店村的个案展现了一个失去土地的城市化乡村积极利用非遗来谋求自身发展的主动实践历程。对驱动其开发非遗以实现振兴的动机、方法和行动主体进行研究,可以发现"社区驱动的非遗开发与乡村振兴"是更根本性的模式。这种模式强调以社区为主体来驱动非遗开发进而实现乡村振兴,并注重如下原则的重要性:(1)由社区驱动的内在发展动机;(2)以社区自身文化传统为基础;(3)开发过程中的社区参与;(4)社区受益。这一模式对于当今实施乡村振兴战略具有积极启示意义:只有充分尊重并发挥乡村具有的主体性,才有可能真正实现乡村的振兴及其可持续发展。     

In Battle and in Bed: Wanton Women and Women Warriors in Muslim and Christian Crusade Narratives

This article analyses the parallel representations of enemy warrior women as sexually profligate and inappropriately martial in selected Latin and Arabic texts from the period of the first three crusades (late eleventh to late twelfth centuries). Cross-cultural comparison of depictions of fighting women demonstrates that both cultures portrayed the other side as dominated, and thus undermined, by women who were unnaturally assertive in both sexual and military affairs. Both Muslim and Christian authors sexualised and militarised the bodies of enemy women in order to define which men were the strongest, best and most deserving of battlefield victory in the holy wars of crusade and jihad.     

Smart Growth Policy Choice: A Resource Dependency and Local Governance Explanation

Smart growth is a planning and land use policy objective that generally focuses on where development should occur and how best to protect natural resources. What explains the adoption of smart growth policy by local government? This study focuses on a cooperative intergovernmental program that seeks to enhance local government abilities to work toward achieving state goals on sustainability. Extant research suggests that local interest group preferences shape policy decisions. However, much of the evidence on the influence of local interest groups on smart growth policy is presented within the coercive intergovernmental context. This article argues that resource dependency influences local decisions in pursuing a smart growth agenda when state incentives are provided. The findings suggest that fiscal capacity and the characteristics of local governing institutions are significant predictors in the decision to take part in an intergovernmental program. Business and neighborhood interest groups have a significant effect on policy adoption, as do local characteristics depending on the smart growth functional area.