Women on the Third Crusade

Historians remain undecided over whether or not women actually took up arms during crusading expeditions. Opinions vary widely, from denying that women could ever be true crucesignati to concluding that they took an active role in the fighting, This study focuses on the Third Crusade, for which the chronicle evidence is particularly full. Some of the narrative accounts of the crusade never mention women or even deny that they took part, while others describe their assisting crusaders in constructing siege works or performing menial tasks. The Muslim sources for the Third Crusade, however, depict Christian women taking part in the fighting, armed as knights. The study discusses the reasons behind these divergent depictions of women in the Third Crusade. It examines the evidence for women taking an active part in military activity in Europe, and concludes that women could certainly have taken an active military role in the Third Crusade. Yet, as the European sources are silent on the subject, it is unlikely that women did play a significant military role, although it is possible that some fought in particularly desperate battles.     

Honour,Shame and the Fourth Crusade

This article evaluates how far chivalric notions of honour and shame had become associated with crusading by the early thirteenth century. It stems from a wider investigation into how crusading helped to forge standards for knightly behaviour and influenced the development of chivalric ideals. The Fourth Crusade serves as a focused case study, and this article examines the significance of its controversial course and conclusion as well as how two lay authors, Geoffrey of Villehardouin and Robert of Clari, used ideas about honour and shame in their narratives. It takes a close look at terminology, exploring a variety of expressions for concepts of honour and shame, and highlights the contexts in which they were used: whether to describe military encounters, the pressure on social bonds, or leadership roles. It argues that by the turn of the thirteenth century, crusading played a significant rather than extraneous role in developing ideas about chivalric conduct and proper social behaviour.     

St Anselm and the English investiture controversy reconsidered

The Investiture Controversy in England has generally been viewed as a two-sided contest between king and pope. But in reality the struggle was between three parties — king, pope, and primate. St Anselm, devoted to his duties as God's steward of his office and its privileges, worked against both King Henry I and Pope Paschal II to bring into reality his idea of the proper status of the primate of all Britain. Anselm had a vision of a political model which he conceived as God's ‘right order’ in England, and all his efforts were directed toward fulfilling this vision.The Investiture Contest may be divided into two parts. The first phase began when Anselm was thwarted by Henry I's duplicity in the archbishop's attempt to force the king to accept the decrees of Rome at the height of a political crisis. Anselm may have seen these decrees as beneficial to the Canterbury primacy. From 1101 to 1103, Anselm wavered between supporting either party completely, meanwhile securing from Paschal all the most important privileges for the primacy of Canterbury. Each time Paschal refused to grant a dispensation for Henry, as Anselm requested, he granted Anselm a privilege for the primacy. Thus Anselm's vision of the primate as almost a patriarch of another world, nearly independent of the pope, was fulfilled by 1103.At this point, Anselm abandoned his vacillation between king and pope, and worked seemingly on behalf of Paschal, but in reality on behalf of the Canterbury primacy. During this second phase, Anselm's political adroitness becomes clear by a correlation, never before made, between the church-state controversy and Henry's campaign to conquer Normandy. By careful maneuvering and skilful propaganda, Anselm forced Henry to choose between submitting to the investiture decree or failing in his attempt to conquer Normandy. At the settlement, a compromise was worked out, Henry conceding on investitures, and Paschal conceding on homage. But investiture was only secondary to Anselm. He ended the dispute not when Henry submitted on investitures, but only when he had gained from Henry concessions which made the primate almost a co-ruler with the king, as his political vision demanded. Only after a public reconcilliation with his archbishop did Henry feel free to complete the Norman campaign.Thus the Investiture Controversy was a three-way struggle. Both king and pope compromised, each giving up some of their goals. But Anselm emerged from the contest having won nearly all his political objectives.     

The hidden comparison: Modern Italy in German perspectives

The author reviews German‐language studies on Italian history since Unification and argues that the central theme in writings on economic and social history has been the ‘hidden comparison’ between the processes of political development and economic change in Italy and Germany.     

明治时期日本女性杂志考略

女性杂志的诞生和发展,是日本社会近代化进程中的一个重要议题。明治时期是日本女性杂志的发端期,女性杂志在这一时期的日本女子教育中起着十分重要的作用;特别是在职业女性的养成方面,成为日本女性进入社会的主要途径。在这个意义上,关于明治时期女性杂志的考察,实际上也是近代日本女性生存状态的一种转型研究。     

三线建设调整改造的历史考察

三线建设是我国社会主义经济发展史上一个重要的历史事件。 2 0世纪 80年代 ,三线建设遗留下来的问题与国内国际形势的变化愈发不协调 ,国家着手对三线建设进行调整改造 ,主要内容与方式是中观和微观的布局调整、产品结构调整以及一线、三线合作等方面 ;三线调整改造具有布局调整为主与其他方式兼顾、政府扶持与企业自谋出路相结合等特点 ,是在新的历史条件下对过去三线建设遗留问题的矫正 ,是三线地区经济、国防建设在新形势下的继续和完善     

日本女性文学源头发微

奈良朝始,日本文学萌动,至平安时代,日本文学已立于世界文学之林,就中日本女性作家成就卓著。本文从历史层面之源头、文化层面之源头、社会习俗层面之源头及汉唐文化冲击之源头等方面,揭示构成日本女性文学迅速崛起及其蓬勃发展的要因。     

中共十一届三中全会研究述评

1978年召开的中共十一届三中全会,结束了粉碎四人帮后的两年徘徊中前进的局面,重新确立了马克思主义的思想路线、政治路线和组织路线,做出了把工作重点转移到社会主义现代化建设上来的战略决策,揭开了改革开放的序幕,以此为起点,中国走上了建设有中国特色社会主义新道路。近30年来,对这一实现伟大历史转折的重要会议的研究成果非常丰富。     

第三代中央领导集体国际战略初探

冷战结束以后 ,面对西方国家的联合制裁和苏东剧变 ,第三代中央领导集体坚持独立自主的外交立场 ,采取灵活多样的外交手段 ,打破西方国家的联合制裁 ;冷静分析苏联解体后的国际局势 ,积极实施全方位外交战略方针 ,为社会主义现代化建设营造良好的外部环境 ;全面改善和调整大国关系 ,谋求面向 2 1世纪的新型伙伴关系的建立 ;面对经济全球化的趋势 ,实施积极主动参与和趋利避害相结合的国际战略方针 ,积极倡导和推动国际政治经济新秩序 ,将一个生机勃勃、在国际上有着举足轻重作用的社会主义中国带进了新世界的门槛     

The Ḥanbalī Emigration of 551–569 AH/1156–1173 AD in the Context of the Legal Discourse on Muslims under Non‐Muslim Rule

In 551 AH/1156 AD the ?anbalī shaykh A?mad ibn Qudāma (491–558/1098–1163) emigrated from the Frankish‐ruled region of Samaria. He reached Damascus and advised his relatives to follow suit, thus initiating the two‐decade exodus of the Banū Qudāma from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The migration story survives in a tenth/sixteenth century chronicle and is attributed to A?mad's grandson, ?iyā’ al‐Dīn (569–643/1173–1245). According to ?iyā’ al‐Dīn, the cause of the emigration was the extreme oppression of the local Frankish lord, Baldwin of Ibelin (d. c. 582/1186), and A?mad ibn Qudāma's inability to practice his religion. But scholars have also attributed the emigration to wider ideological and political developments under the reign of Nūr al‐Dīn ibn Zengi (541–569/1146–1174), namely the counter‐crusade and the institutionalization of jihad propaganda. Here I explore the context of the emigration in greater detail while focusing primarily on legal theory. In most cases, a historian can determine the circumstances that led to the issuance of certain legal opinions but in the case of the ?anbalī emigration we have an event without an accompanying legal opinion. Accordingly, the emigration must be analyzed in light of developments in ?anbalī legal thought prior to and during the crusades and in consideration of how members of the Banū Qudāma perceived their role prior to and during the emigration. A?mad's role as a charismatic shaykh and spiritual leader became ever more critical and contentious at a time when political tensions between Franks and Muslims were escalating. Furthermore, the heightened religiosity of the Muslims of Greater Syria inspired other members of the Qudāma family to leave the Frankish domains even though their lives were not in danger. This chapter thus aims to complement Steven Gertz's analysis of legal opinions on the obligation to emigrate (The Muslim World , vol. 103) by providing a grounded example of how such opinions could be enacted.     

新马华侨华人妇女史研究述评

本文将国内外对新马华侨华人妇女的研究情况进行了评述 ,指出这些研究在华人女性人口、妓女问题和劳工问题上取得了一定成就 ,但在华人妇女在婚姻与家庭中的作用、妇女的社会参与和社团组织、妇女对经济的贡献、移出地和移入地妇女关系的互动、妇女史料的挖掘等方面研究不足。     

A 13th-Century Shipyard at Alanya (Alaiyye), on the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey

Anatolian Seljuks, a territorially-powerful medieval government, held their fleet at bases on the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts, and constructed permanent stone buildings to protect their navy. Although most of these buildings have disappeared, 13th-century defended shipyard buildings have survived at Alanya, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. These buildings are not only important architecturally, but can give clues to the types of warships used by the Anatolian Seljuk navy, of which little is known. The dimensions of the shipsheds help us to analyse the construction of these naval vessels.
© 2009 The Author     

初论蒋家窑的擂棒--兼论太平三年之器的年号与定名

湖南衡阳市蒋家窑的产品,种类繁多,造型别致,装饰优美。其胎色浅灰,釉色虾青,釉质玉润光亮。器物上不仅刻有文字,还有自名。 蒋家窑址的窑具中,常见形制特别且数量不少的擂棒出土。１９８１年,在试掘蒋家窑群中的一座完整龙窑时,仅在清理的第一层窑床和其旁的废弃堆积中,就出土有擂棒五件,其中除一件稍残外,其他均较为完整①。后来在对该窑群的调查中,又多次采集和收集到擂棒多件②。现就其形制、用途、年代等问题,作一初略的研究。 一、擂棒的形制 擂棒的整体形状为一端小而面平,另一端大且面弧,实心,圆柱形柄部略呈亚腰…     

Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.     

一部评述十一届三中全会的信史——简评朱佳木新作《我所知道的十一届三中全会》

在纪念中共十一届三中全会召开30周年的日子里,读到朱佳木的专著《我所知道的十一届三中全会》,获益良多。笔者以为,这是一部叙述和评价中共十一届三中全会的信史,是林林总总同一题材著作中的上乘之作。这本书最显著的特点是回忆与研究的结合,这是作者独具而别人难以企及的优长之处。中     

中共十一届三中全会与改革开放的伟大历程

中共十一届三中全会重新恢复和极力倡导的解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,打开了中国人民在改革开放中不断开拓前进的道路;这次全会开始逐步形成、中共十三大正式确立的一个中心,两个基本点这一党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线,引导着改革开放的伟大实践不断健康前行;这次全会形成的发展理念指引着改革开放的伟大实践,又随着改革开放实践的推进而发展,成为改革开放取得成功的关键。因此,中共十一届三中全会开辟了中国改革开放的新时期。     

政府宏观规划与地方城市化--一五计划、三线建设与陕西城市化初探

本文从政府宏观规划与地方城市化的关系人手,总结了一五计划和三线建设时期陕西城市化的经验教训,为西部大开发中的陕西城市化提供借鉴.     

从墓志看佛教对唐代妇女生活的影响

从对唐墓志的分析考察可知,唐代妇女信佛者较多,在家修行的妇女占绝对多数,且相当地分奉佛者为孀居妇女。唐代妇女诵读或抄写的佛典主要集中在金刚般若、法华、涅槃、维摩等经上,尤以金融般若、法华两经为最。唐代妇女祟佛原因众多,其中不少孀居妇女、宫人、宦官夫人、无子和不育的妇女多从佛教中寻求精神和情感寄托。唐代妇女祟佛对社会风尚、生死观念和丧葬观念产生了很大的影响。     

青海农村少数民族贫困妇女文化教育救助调查与分析

近年来,青海农村少数民族贫困妇女对子女的文化教育、家庭饮食和医疗保健的认识有了一定的提高,但是自觉脱贫的意识较差,还存在对文化教育重视不够等诸多问题。解决这些问题,既要不断提高广大少数民族妇女学习和掌握文化技能的主动性、积极性,激发她们内在的潜能,也要通过政府和社会的有效宣传以及引导和扶持,使少数民族贫困妇女实现真正意义上的脱贫致富。