Gregory IX's attempted expeditions to the Latin Empire of Constantinople: the crusade for the union of the Latin and Greek churches

Gregory IX's crusade (1236–1240) to safeguard the Latin Empire was the last expedition sponsored by the papacy before the fall of the Latin state in 1261. Like his predecessors, Innocent III and Honorius III, Gregory believed that an expedition against his fellow Christians was necessary to safeguard the land route to the Holy Land and to protect the Latin Empire itself. Gregory also shared with Innocent and Honorius the belief that this was a divinely appointed policy, symbolized by God giving the Greek Empire into Latin hands in retribution for Greek schismstic beliefs. But Gregory's policy had another facet to its justification. He accused the supporters of the Greeks, in particular John II Asen, king of Bulgaria, of sheltering heretics and of allowing a climate in which heresy could flourish. Gregory evolved a method of justifying war against the Greeks and their supporters analogous to that used elsewhere in Europe against those who sheltered heretics. He threatened the guilty with the loss of their lands under the provisions of the Fourth Lateran Council canon, Excommunicamus. To make the theoretical concrete, Gregory tried to form two expeditions, one composed of Europeans, the other of Hungarians and even Bulgarians, against the emperor of Nicaea. But the expeditions failed and Gregory's rationale for warring against the Greeks was not utilized by his immediate successors to the pontifical throne.     

Turning Latin into Greek: Anna Komnene and the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi

This article examines the relationship between one of the most famous Byzantine sources, the Alexiad of Anna Komnene, and the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, written by William of Apulia at the end of the eleventh century. It shows that Anna not only had access to a substantial archive of material relating to the Normans of southern Italy, but also that the author drew extensively on William of Apulia's account of the attacks of Robert Guiscard on Epirus in 1081–5. Multiple borrowings are identified, including a crucial case of mistranslation from the Latin into Greek, demonstrating that the Gesta lay at the heart of the Alexiad's coverage of the Normans. It argues that Anna Komnene makes carefully judged variations from the southern Italian text, before suggesting that the latter was composed shortly before the Council of Bari (1098). It concludes with a suggestion that the contribution of William of Apulia is surreptitiously acknowledged by the Byzantine author.     

The ‘Life of Muhammad’ in Eulogius of Córdoba: some evidence for the transmission of Greek polemic to the Latin west

Eulogius of Córdoba, the principal recorder of the ninth‐century Córdoban martyrs’ movement, copied for posterity a polemic biography of the Prophet Muhammad. The lost original is the earliest such text known in Latin, despite the longstanding tradition of anti‐Islamic polemic in the Greek east. However, textual analysis indicates that Eulogius revised the original biography, and that his revisions were influenced by the polemic of John of Damascus. Eulogius's exposure to John's writings probably came through personal contact with a monk from the monastery of Mar Saba, contact which offers rare evidence of a non‐textual transmission of ideas.     

马克思主义各个发展阶段对社会主义根本问题的探索和理论贡献

党的十七大提出的中国特色社会主义理论体系,启发我们进一步研究马克思主义各个发展阶段在社会主义根本问题认识上的理论贡献。本文通过历史回顾和理论分析,梳理马克思主义的发展脉络,聚焦马克思主义各个发展阶段对于“什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义”这一根本问题的理论贡献。     

Review Article: Finding the Way Back to the Ottoman Empire

DOROTHY H. CRAWFORD. Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped Our History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 250. $35.95 (US). Reviewed by Linda Bryder

GREGORY CLARK. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 420. $29.95 (US).

JUDITH HERRIN. Byzantium: The Surprising Life oj a Medieval Empire. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xxiii, 391. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Warren Treadgold

RICHARD A. GABRIEL. Muhammad: Islam's First Great General. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xxxi, 255. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by DONALD P. LITTLE

JONATHAN PHILLIPS. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. New Haven, C T and London: Yale University Press, 2008. Pp. xxix, 364. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John France

JAMKS R. AKERMAN and ROBERT W. KARROW J R. eds. Maps: Finding Our Place in the World. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 400. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by John Agnew

JOHN E. HERMAN. Amid the Clouds and Mist: China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200-1700. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. x,344. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Laura Hostetler

CAROL RICHMOND TSANG. War and Faith: Ikho Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007. Pp. x, 315. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Ethan I. Segal

JOHN M. HEADLEY. The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 290. $26.95 (US). Reviewed by Jean H. Quataert

MARGARET R. GREER, WALTER D. MIGNOLO, and MAUREEN QUILLIGAN, eds. Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Pp. vii,478. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Teofilo F. Ruiz

KARLHEINZ BLASCHKE, ed. Moritz von Sachsen - Ein Filrst der Reformationszeit zwischen Territorium und Reich: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium vom 26. bit 28. Juni 2003 in Freiberg (Sachsen). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 336. €72.00. Reviewed by Johannes C. Wolfart

JOEP LEERSSEN. National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 312. $32.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Bergmann

IAN GENTLES. The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. London and New York, NY: Pearson Longman, 2007. Pp. xiv, 522. £21.99, paper. Reviewed by Mark Kishlansky

MICHELLE BURNHAM. Folded Selves: Colonial New England Writing in the World System. Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England, 2007. Pp. viii, 222. $30.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ralph Bauer

LARISSA N. HEINRICH. The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xiv, 222. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Benjamin A. Elman

MARGARET CONNELL SZASZ. Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans: Indigenous Education in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 285. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael E. Vance

THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, ed. The Memoirs of Captain Hugh Crow: The Life and Times of a Slave Trade Captain, intro. John Pinfold. Oxford: Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2007: dist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. xxiv, 198. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Emma Christopher

ELLIOTT COLLA. Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. x, 345. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James F. Goode

GIOVANNI ARRIGHI. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century. London and New York: Verso, 2007. Pp. xiii, 418. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter C. Perdue

DIANA K. DAVIS. Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 296. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Caroline Ford

GEORGE STEINMETZ. The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xxviii, 640. $33.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Birthe Kundrus

NORMAN ETHERINGTON, ed. Mapping Colonial Conquest: Australia and Southern Africa. Crawley, WA: University of Western Australia Press, 2007; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. x, 220. $31.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Patricia Seed

DUNCAN BELL. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860-1900. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 321. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Eliga H. Gould

JEFF SAHADEO. Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 316. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert D. Crews

MICHELLE T. MORAN. Colonizing Leprosy: Imperialism and the Politics of Public Health in the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xiii, 280. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Geoffrey S. Smith

PATRICK HARRIES. Butterflies and Barbarians: Swiss Missionaries and Systems of Knowledge in South-East Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 286. $26.95 (US), paper Reviewed by Martin Legassick

ROGER KIRK, ed. Distinguished Service: Lydia Chapin Kirk, Partner in Diplomacy, 1896-1984. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 273. $22.95 (US). Reviewed by Betty Miller Unterberger

STEPHEN M. MILLER. Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-Soldiers and the. South African War, l899-1902. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 236. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Timothy Bowman

WOLFRAM KAISER. Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 374. $105.00 (US).Reviewed by Stefan Berger

JENS RUPPENTHAL. Kolonialismus als 'Wissenschaft und Tecknik': Das Hamburgische Kolonialinstitut 1908 bis 1919. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 273. €56.00, paper.Reviewed by Bradley Naranch

THOMAS W. BURKMAN. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. Pp. xv, 289. $58.00 (US). Reviewed by Frederick R. Dickinson

JEFF LIPKES. Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007; dist. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Pp. 815- $55.95 (US), paper.Reviewed by Holger H. Herwig

LEONARD V. SMITH. The Embattled Self: French Soldiers' Testimony of the Great War. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2007. Pp. xi, 214. $39.95 (US).Reviewed by Jay Winter

SUZANNE EVANS. Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs: World War I and the Politics of Grief. Montreal, QC and Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 211. $29.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Amy Shaw

MERRILL D. PETERSON. The President and His Biographer: Woodrow Wilson and Ray Stannard Baker. Charlottesville, VA and London: University Press of Virginia, 2007; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 262. $50.00 (CDN).Reviewed by Lloyd E. Ambrosius

ALEXANDER KEESE. Living with Ambiguity: Integrating an African Elite in French and Portuguese Africa, 1930-61. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 344. €46.00.Reviewed by Patrick Chabal

CHARLES BURDETT. Journeys through Fascism: Italian Travel Writing between the Wars. New York, NY and Oxford: Berghahn, 2007. Pp. x, 270. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by R. J. B. Bosworth

MICHAEL PHAYER. Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 333. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Peter C. Kent

PETER STANSKY. The First Day of the Blitz: September 7, 1940. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 212. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Paul Addison

CYNTHIA TOMAN. An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2008. Pp. ix, 261. $32.95 (CDN), paper.Reviewed by Linda J. Quiney

NEIL ROLLINGS. British Business in the Formative Years of European Integration, 1945-1973. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 278. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by John Gillingham

ANDREW J. BACEVICH, ed. The Long War: A New History of US National Security Policy since World War II. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 586. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Thorsten B. Olesen

PATRICK WRIGHT. Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 488. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert J. McMahon

MARC GALLICCHIO, ed. The Unpredictability of the Past: Memories of the Asia-Pacific War in US-East Asian Relations. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2007. Pp. 337. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Paul Midford

SUSAN RUBIN SULEIMAN. Crises of Memory and the Second World War. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. x, 286. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Donald Reid

IAIN CHAMBERS. Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. 181. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Larry Wolff

VLADISLAV M. ZUBOK. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 467. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Evan Mawdsley

KATHRYN C. STATLER. Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2007; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 378. $56.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Mark Philip Bradley

YAFENG XIA. Negotiating with the, Enemy: US-China Talks during the Cold War, l949-1972. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 326. $45.00 (US); GUANGQIU Xu. Congress and the US-China Relationship, 1949-1979. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2007. Pp. xi,409. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Steven I. Levine

HANNFRIED VON HINDENBURG. Demonstrating Reconciliation: State and Society in West German Foreign Policy toward Israel, 1952-1965. New York, NY and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007. Pp. vi, 229. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Ronald J. Granieri

VANESSA R. SCHWARTZ. It's So French! Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Culture. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xvii, 259. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Naomi Greene

JOSEPH T.JOCKEL. Canada inNORAD, 1957-2007: A History. Montreal, QC: Mc-Gill-Queen's University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 225. $34.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Ann Denholm Crosby

DAVID C. ATKINSON. In Theory and in Practice: Harvard's Center for International Affairs, 1958-1983. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs; dist. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 248. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Irene Gendzier

LEN SCOTT. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Threat of Nuclear War: Lessons from History. London and New York, NY: Continuum, 2007. Pp. xii, 222. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by James G. Blight

JOSEPH MORGAN HODGE. Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 402. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Zaheer Baber

BERND GREINER. Krieg ohne Fronten: Die USA in Vietnam. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2007. Pp. 59.5. €35.00. Reviewed by Marc Frey

STIG TENOLD. Research in Maritime History: XXXII: Tankers in Trouble: Norwegian Shipping and the Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. St John's, NL: International Maritime Economic History Association, 2006. Pp. x, 257. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Lars Berggren

MIRELA BOGDANI and JOHN LOUGHLIN. Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey towards Integration and Accession. London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Pp. xiii, 272. £45.00. Reviewed by Judith Hoffmann

AHMAD S. MOUSSALLI. US Foreign Policy and Islamist Politics. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2008; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 224. $74.95 (US). Reviewed by Bassam Tibi

KENNETH J. HAGAN and IAN J. BICKERTON. Unintended Consequences: The United States at War. London: Reaktion Books, 2007; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 223. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael S. Sherry

BERNARD ROUGIER. Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam among Palestinians in Lebanon, trans. Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 333. $28.95 (US). Reviewed by Marion Boulby

GRAHAM E. FULLER. The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008. Pp. xi, 196. $14.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Dietrich Jung

GREGG BRAZINSKY. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy. Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 311. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Carl J. Saxer

ROBERT J. JACKSON and PHILIP TOWLE. Temptations of Power: The United States in Global Polities after 9/11. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. xiv, 228. $85.00 (US), cloth; $28.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew M. Johnston

AMY B. ZEGART. Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 317. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Alan Warburton

LEIGH A. PAYNE. Unsettling Accounts: Neither Truth nor Reconciliation in Confessions of State Violence. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 374. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeremy Adelman

WILE KYMLICKA. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 374. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter Kivisto

ANDREAS FAHRMEIR. Citizenship: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Concept. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2008. Pp. vi, 299. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Dorith Geva

AMITAI ETZIONI. Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy. New Haven, C T and London: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xviii, 336. $27.00 (US). Reviewed by Rein Müllerson

ELIZABETH SHAKMAN HURD. The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xiii, 247. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James L. Gelvin

ROGER C. RIDDELL, Does Foreign Aid Really Work? New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xxvi,505. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by ØYVIND ØSTERUD

MATTHEW CONNELLY. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. xiv, 521. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Alfred W. Crosby     

Shaping the sacred: light and the experience of worship in middle Byzantine churches

Abstract

Byzantine churches have been extensively studied in terms of their architectural development and in their role as places to display religious art. However there has been less research into one of the most fundamental aspects of the Byzantine ritual experience, illumination. In practical terms, churches had to be illuminated sufficiently for worship to take place. In experiential terms, lighting can be seen as the medium by which the iconographic programmes and liturgical practices were staged and enhanced. This paper considers the archaeological and textual evidence linking physical illumination of buildings with the experience of their sacred function.     

The supernatural protector of Constantinople: the Virgin and her icons in the tradition of the Avar siege

Abstract

Previous scholarship has maintained that icons of the Virgin were carried in procession during the Avar siege of Constantinople in A.D. 626. Based on a close reading of the primary sources from the seventh to the fourteenth centuries, this paper will argue in contrast that a tight linkage between Marian icons and protection of the Byzantine capital did not occur until after Iconoclasm. The larger implications of this conclusion concern the evolution of the cult of the Virgin in Constantinople from its initial focus on relics to a cult centered on icons and icon processions as it emerged in the second half of the tenth century.     

The admission of former slaves into churches and monasteries: reaching behind the sources

Religious institutions in early medieval Europe were both recipients of former slaves and instigators of manumissions. By drawing on recent work concerning the admission of former slaves into churches and monasteries, the present paper identifies dominant strands in the historiography from Marc Bloch to the present, which are then re-evaluated in light of a close examination of core sources. The paper argues that while the contention that such institutions were the primary beneficiaries of manumissions can indeed be sustained, there are also important moderating nuances to take into account. These include slaves of churches who were freed but continued to live on the churches' lands; alternatives to ‘formal' manumission; distinctions between churches and monasteries in regard to the admission of former slaves; convergences between Roman law and canon law; and, in the sixth century, the direct involvement of both the papacy and the imperial court in establishing a regulating template for admitting former slaves.