The Anglo-Norman succession debate of II26: Prelude to Stephen's anarchy

On 1 January 1127 Henry 1 made his magnates and prelates swear to accept his daughter Maud as heiress to England and Normandy. In the months prior to the oathtaking, certain identifiable curiales ～ Robert earl of Gloucester, Brian fitz Count, and David king of Scots - seem to have been supporting Maud's candidacy. Others, including Roger bishop of Salisbury and his kinsmen, appear to have opposed her and perhaps to have supported Henry's nephew, William Clito, as heir.The factions resurfaced at Henry's death in December 1135. William Clito having died in the meantime, Roger of Salisbury became one of Stephen of Blois' earliest and strongest supporters. Maud's former friends, Robert of Gloucester and Brian fitz Count, were temporarily immobilized by a violent break between Henry and Maud in the closing months of Henry's reign, but they, along with King David, subsequently became Maud's most active and consistent champions.The two factions differed neither in socioeconomic background nor in ideology. It was not a question of old baronial families on one side and newly-risen curiales on the other, but simply of differing personal allegiances originating in the divisions among Henry's courtiers in 1126.     

Orderic Vitalis and Rober of Bellême

The Norman monastic chronicler Orderic Vitalis's treatment of Robert of Bellême, the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman magnate and overmighty subject of the English kings, William II and Henry I, is discussed and compared with evidence from other sources. A contrast is drawn between Orderic's eagerness to portray Robert as a villain and his apparent acceptance of the misdemeanors of Henry I, who is presented favourably because of the period of relative peace following Henry's deposition in 1106 of his brother, the Norman duke, Robert Curthose. Orderic downplays the work of Henry's predecessors, Robert Curthose and William II, and in Robert of Bellême creates a counterweight to his picture of the just king Henry I. His negative assessment of all Robert's actions therefore needs to be adjusted and it is suggested that other modern interpretations based on his work may need similar re-examination and revision.     

Illustrations of Medieval Manners and Costume from Original Documents

The Coningesby family connection with Guy of Warwick is recorded in a pedigree of the family in the Lincolnshire Record Office. The will of Sir Henry Coningesby, knight, indicates that he built the present house at North Mymms Park, probably in the 1580s. It is suggested that the ‘Warwick’ worthy depicts Sir Henry's thirteenth-century ancestor, Sir Roger Coningesby, knight, Steward of the house to Guy of Warwick. There was a connection by marriage between the house at North Mymms, Hertfordshire and Nether Hall, Essex, where similar wall paintings had existed. The association between the Coningesby family, when at the Manor of Weld and the Cutts family, when at Salisbury Hall, both in the parish of Shenley, Hertfordshire, probably accounts for the similarity of the frieze in the Oak bedroom and the frieze in Childerley Hall, Cambridgeshire.     

Richard of Cornwall's candidature for the German throne and the christmas 1256 parliament at Westminster

Some months after the death of the German king William of Holland in 1256, Richard of Cornwall, with obvious help from King Henry III (but not initially with the support of the pope), decided to enter the contest for the German throne. His methods, including the use of his funds on a large scale, are well known, but Richard and Henry also contrived to deceive the English magnates about their plans. They told the barons at a meeting at the end of the year 1256 that Richard had already been elected king (which was manifestly untrue) and that only their consent was missing. This was a device to foil the expected resistance by the magnates, who were already opposing Henry's increasingly costly Sicilian adventure.     

Robert,earl of Gloucester,and the daughter of Zelophehad

Robert, earl of Gloucester, the leader of Mathilda's party in England during Stephen's reign, has a good press because the main source for his activities is his admirer, William of Malmesbury. This article re-assesses Robert's role and character by concentrating on chroniclers other than Malmesbury and on charter evidence. It finds, by these methods, that Earl Robert may have been in some ways an attractive man, but that he was also a practised curialist, a ruthless factionalist, a plunderer of church lands, and a man who made acquisition of his neighbours' lands one of his main objects. New evidence is presented to account for his behaviour in the crucial months at the end of 1135 and beginning of 1136 when Stephen made himself king. Robert is found to have had little choice but to cross to England because his lands in the southern Marches were under threat from a Welsh rising. His alienation from Stephen in the next few years is traced to a failure at court against his rivals, the Beaumont group. His subsequent private war against the Beaumonts in Dorset and Worcestershire is further evidence against Malmesbury 's portrayal of him as a man of pure principle. conduct of the war against Stephen after 1139 can be shown to have had serious flaws. The result was a rebellion against him by his own sons and the repudiation of his methods (if not his acquisitions) by his successor Earl William. Evidence is presented that Earl William sparked off the movement amongst the magnates to draw up private treaties to contain the Anarchy. In view of all this, it is not surprising to find indications that Earl Robert lacked any real commitment to the claims of his half-sister, the empress.     

The Norman invasion of Gwent: a reassessment

Shortly after the Norman conquest of England, William fitz Osbern was created earl of Hereford. Most historians suggest he overran all Gwent east of the Usk before his return to the continent in 1071. This article will argue that his occupation of Gwent was more limited and was possibly confined to the territories claimed by Harold Godwinson, once earl of Hereford, before his death at Hastings. Instead, the accession of William Rufus in 1087 is seen as the context for a new aggressive policy towards South Wales. In the next fifteen years, Gwent and its neighbouring kingdoms of Morgannwg and Bucheiniog were overrun by William's marcher lords.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this Article The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity. Ludwig Adelstein. Technology in the Ancient World. Henry Hodges. Greek Burial Customs. Donna C. Kurtz The Romans. Donald R. Dudley. Emperors and Biography: Studies in the Historia Augusta. Sir Ronald Syme. Ducal Brittany, 1364–1399: Relations with England and France During the Reign of Duke John IV. Michael C. E. Jones. Monarch and Community: Political Ideas in the Later Conciliar Controversy, 1430–145O. Antony Black. The Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom, 1526–1792. William J. Griswold Eastern Europe: Politics, Revolution, and Diplomacy. Henry L. Roberts. Dynamics of Counterrevolution in Europe, 1870–1956. Arno J. Mayer. Mubadele: an Ottoman-Russian Exchange of Ambassadors. Norman Itzkowitz Historians of Modern Europe. Hans A. Schmitt. Basle and France in the Sixteenth Century: The Basle Humanists and Printers in Their Contacts with Francophone Culture. Peter G. Bietenholz. Charles X of France: His Life and Times. Vincent W. Beach. The Great Illusion, 1900–1914. Oron J. Hale. Walther Rathenau and the Weimar Republic: The Politics of Reparations. David Felix. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–1936. Gerhard L. Weinberg. Scholars and Gentlemen. Universities and Society in Pre-Industrial Britain, 1500–1700. Hugh Kearney. The Letters of Sir John Hackett, 1526–1534. Elizabeth Frances Rogers. The Elizabethan Privy Council in the Fifteen-Seventies. Michael Barraclough Pulman. The Parliament of 1621: A Study in Constitutional Conflict. Robert Zaller. Sir Henry Vane the Younger: A Study in Political and Administrative History. Violet A. Rowe. Scotland in the Age of Improvement; Essays in Scottish History in the Eighteenth Century. N. T. Phillipson Hanoverian London, 1714–1808. George Rudé Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872. Brian Harrison. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830–1902. Kenneth Bourne. The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill. Robert Blake. The Impact of Labour, 1920–1924. Maurice Cowling. The Inter-War Economy: Britain, 1919–1939. Derek H. Aldcroft Bittersweet Encounter: The Afro-American and the American Jew. Robert G. Weisbord The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540–1846. David J. Weber. Parsons and Pedagogues: The S. P. G. Adventure in American Education. John Calam. Samuel Davies: Apostle of Dissent in Colonial Virginia. George William Pilcher. William Vans Murray, Federalist Diplomat: The Shaping of Peace with France, 1797–1801. Peter P. HILL. Sarmiento's Travels in the United States in 1847. Michael Aaron Rockland. Mission Among the Blachfeet. Howard L. Harrod. Jeremiah Sullivan Black. William N. Brigance. The Last Foray, The South Carolina Planters of 1860: A Sociological Study. Chalmers Gaston Davidson. The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham & The Civil War. Frank L. Klement. Roscoe Conkling of New York: Voice in the Senate. David M. Jordan. Wooster of the Middle West. Lucy Lilian Notestein. George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans. Richard E. Welch, Jr. Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890–1920. E. Berkeley Tompkins. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Volume VII: 1890–1892. Volume VILL: 1892–1894. Volume IX: 1894–1896. Arthur S. Link American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900–1939. A Study in International Humanitarian Reform. Arnold H. Taylor. Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers Union and the New Deal. Donald H. Grubbs.     

Criticism of Henry II's expedition to Ireland in William of Canterbury's miracles of St Thomas Becket

The long collection of miracles of St Thomas Becket written by William, a monk of Christ Church, Canterbury, between 1172 and c.1179 is, like many other examples of the genre, a rich source for attitudes towards sanctity, relics, and pilgrimage. A far more unusual feature of William's text is the author's criticism of the recent English presence in Ireland. William's comments on this score amount to a loaded stretching of the normal parameters of his textual medium, resulting in an evaluative engagement with current affairs of the sort that we would more normally associate with reflective forms of history-writing. William's criticism focused in particular upon the expedition to Ireland undertaken by King Henry II (October 1171–April 1172), inverting the very rhetoric that Henry had used to justify his Irish adventure. William was not himself Irish, as has sometimes been supposed, nor was he registering his institution's frustrations about its exclusion from the new ecclesiastical order in Ireland, as might be implied by the traditional but questionable ‘Canterbury plot’ interpretation of the much-debated papal bull Laudabiliter. Instead, William was skilfully engaging with current debates about the rectitude of Henry II's Irish expedition, and more broadly contesting emerging prejudices about England's ‘uncultivated’ neighbours, in order to effect a subtle critique of the king's involvement in Becket's murder.     

Henry I of Germany's 929 military campaign in archaeological perspective

In 929, King Henry I of Germany (919–36) launched an exceptionally successful offensive against the Slav polities along the length of his eastern frontier. This campaign, which is recorded in contemporary written accounts, has long been known to historians, and its importance in the political history of the German kingdom is undisputed. However, to date, there is no book‐length or article‐length study devoted to Henry's military successes in 929. This article fills that striking lacuna by drawing on the vast body of information provided through excavations, which sheds considerable new light on the scale and sophistication of Henry I's undertaking.     

The growth of secure inheritance in Anglo-Norman England

The following paper traces the crystallization of inheritance custom in England from 1086 to 1154. Inheritance of baronial estates has long been considered by historians to have been tenuous in the reigns of William the Conqueror and his sons, but by dating instances of forfeiture, escheat and other forms of disinheritance, and by comparing these dates with those of political turmoil, it can be shown that the custom became fairly secure and regular in the latter half of the reign of Henry I, only to be disrupted in the civil wars of Stephen's reign.     

St Anselm and the English investiture controversy reconsidered

The Investiture Controversy in England has generally been viewed as a two-sided contest between king and pope. But in reality the struggle was between three parties — king, pope, and primate. St Anselm, devoted to his duties as God's steward of his office and its privileges, worked against both King Henry I and Pope Paschal II to bring into reality his idea of the proper status of the primate of all Britain. Anselm had a vision of a political model which he conceived as God's ‘right order’ in England, and all his efforts were directed toward fulfilling this vision.The Investiture Contest may be divided into two parts. The first phase began when Anselm was thwarted by Henry I's duplicity in the archbishop's attempt to force the king to accept the decrees of Rome at the height of a political crisis. Anselm may have seen these decrees as beneficial to the Canterbury primacy. From 1101 to 1103, Anselm wavered between supporting either party completely, meanwhile securing from Paschal all the most important privileges for the primacy of Canterbury. Each time Paschal refused to grant a dispensation for Henry, as Anselm requested, he granted Anselm a privilege for the primacy. Thus Anselm's vision of the primate as almost a patriarch of another world, nearly independent of the pope, was fulfilled by 1103.At this point, Anselm abandoned his vacillation between king and pope, and worked seemingly on behalf of Paschal, but in reality on behalf of the Canterbury primacy. During this second phase, Anselm's political adroitness becomes clear by a correlation, never before made, between the church-state controversy and Henry's campaign to conquer Normandy. By careful maneuvering and skilful propaganda, Anselm forced Henry to choose between submitting to the investiture decree or failing in his attempt to conquer Normandy. At the settlement, a compromise was worked out, Henry conceding on investitures, and Paschal conceding on homage. But investiture was only secondary to Anselm. He ended the dispute not when Henry submitted on investitures, but only when he had gained from Henry concessions which made the primate almost a co-ruler with the king, as his political vision demanded. Only after a public reconcilliation with his archbishop did Henry feel free to complete the Norman campaign.Thus the Investiture Controversy was a three-way struggle. Both king and pope compromised, each giving up some of their goals. But Anselm emerged from the contest having won nearly all his political objectives.     

Robert d'Arbrissel: Aristocratic patronage and the question of heresy

Robert d'Arbrissel, first of the wandering preachers of the late eleventh century in northwestern France, often skirted the edges of heresy. Scholars have wondered what separated Robert from similar figures, such as Henry of Lausanne, who were in fact condemmed as heretics. Since Robert came from a modest family in a region of Brittany dominated by the Angevin counts, his career was always oriented towards Anjou. One possibility, then, is to examine Robert's career within the context of the Angevin nobility. His first patron, Bishop Silvester of Rennes, was a member of the count of Anjou's entourage, as were many other powerful figures who later supported him. Chief of these was Rainald, Lord of Craon. Under Reinald's patronage, Robert was able to establish the church of La Roë with the personal approval of Pope Urban. When Robert left to preach to crowds of followers, powerful Angevin churchmen recalled him to his duty. Once again it was the Angevin nobility, many related to the house of Craon, who provided Robert with the means to establish a monastery at Fontevraud. This establishment, backed by the Angevin nobility, kept Robert within the good graces of the Church.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship. By John Watts John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553. By David Loades The Nerves of State. Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558–1714. By Michael J. Braddick The Papers of Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Bart. (1585–1645). Edted by Richard Cust. The Scottish Parliament 1639–1661. A Political and Constitutional Analysis. By John R. Young Protestantism and Patriotism. Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668. By Steven C. A. Pincus The House of Lords in the Reign of Charles II. By Andrew Swatland William III and the Godly Revolution. By Tony Claydon The Parliamentary Diary of sir Richard Cocks, 1698–1702. Edited by D. W. Hayton. John Wilkes. A Friend to Liberty. By Peter D. G. Thomas. The Waning of ‘Old Corruption’. The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779–1846. By Philip Harling Henry Goulbum, 1784–1856. A Political Biography. By Brian Jenkins Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon 1807–1815. By Rory Muir. The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847–1860. By Miles Taylormbridge Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931. Edited by Eugenio F. Biagini Officials of Royal Commissions of Inquiry 1870–1939. Compiled by Elaine Harrison Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement, 1880–1914. By Loge Barrow and Ian Bullock The Conservatives and British Society, 1880–1990. Edited by Martin Francis and Ina Zweiniger-Bargelowska The Age of Salisbury, 1881–1902. Unionism and Empire. By Richard Shannon. Democratic Rhondda. Politics and Society 1885–1951. By Chris William A History of Conservative Politics, 1900–1996. By John Channley The Republican Crown. Lawyers and the Making Of the State in Twentieth-Century Britain. By Joseph M. Jacob. Out of Control. British Foreign Policy and the Union of Democratic Control 1914–1918. By Sally Harris. Clement Attlee. By Jerry H. Brookshire. The Diaries and Letters of Robert Bernays 1932–1939. An Insider's Account of the House of Commons. Edited by Nick Smart Politics and the Constitution: Essays on British Government. By Vernon Bogdanor. The Heath Government 1970–1974. A Reappraisal. Edited by Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon     

The Norman invasion of Gwent: a reassessment

Shortly after the Norman conquest of England, William fitz Osbern was created earl of Hereford. Most historians suggest he overran all Gwent east of the Usk before his return to the continent in 1071. This article will argue that his occupation of Gwent was more limited and was possibly confined to the territories claimed by Harold Godwinson, once earl of Hereford, before his death at Hastings. Instead, the accession of William Rufus in 1087 is seen as the context for a new aggressive policy towards South Wales. In the next fifteen years, Gwent and its neighbouring kingdoms of Morgannwg and Bucheiniog were overrun by William's marcher lords.     

Book reviews

The myth of 1648: class, geopolitics and the making of modern International Relations. By Benno Teschke The international theory of Leonard Woolf: a study in twentieth‐century idealism. By Peter Wilson L'action et le système du monde. By Thierry de Montbrial. Die neuen Internationalen Beziehungen: Forschungsstand und Perspektiven in Deutschland. Edited by Gunther Hellmann, Klaus Dieter Wolf and Michael Zürn. Humanitarian intervention and international relations. Edited by Jennifer Welsh Power and purpose: US policy toward Russia after the Cold War. By James M. Goldgeier and Michael McFaul Justice for crimes against humanity. Edited by Mark Lattimer and Philippe Sands Where is the Lone Ranger when we need him? America's search for a postconflict stability force. By Robert M. Perito CovertAction: the roots of terrorism. Edited by Ellen Ray and William H. Schaap Terror in the name of God: why religious militants kill. By Jessica Stern States in the global economy: bringing domestic institutions back in. Edited by Linda Weiss Monetary transmisson in diverse economies. Edited by Lavan Mahadeva and Peter Sinclair Global capital and national governments. By Layna Mosley Sharing the planet: population – consumption – species. Science and ethics for a sustainable and equitable world. Edited by Bob van der Zwaan and Arthur Petersen Driving the Soviets up the wall: Soviet–East German relations, 1953–1961. By Hope M. Harrison Khrushchev: the man and his era. By William Taubman Decision‐making in Great Britain during the Suez crisis: small groups and a persistent leader. By Bertjan Verbeek Europe unites: the EU's eastern enlargement. By Peter A. Poole Beyond post‐communist studies: political science and the new democracies of Europe. By Terry D. Clark An ounce of prevention: Macedonia and the UN experience in preventive diplomacy. By Henryk J. Sokalski Karaliauc?ius ir Lietuva: nuostatos ir ide?jos. By Vytautas Landsbergis. Russia: experiment with a people. By Robert Service The resource curse in a post‐communist regime: Russia in comparative perspective. By Younkyoo Kim Islam and democracy in the Middle East. Edited by Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner and Daniel Brumberg Islam, politics and pluralism: theory and practice in Turkey, Jordan, Tunisia and Algeria. By Jennifer Noyon Water, power and politics in the Middle East: the other Israeli–Palestinian conflict. By Jan Selby Politicide: Ariel Sharon's war against the Palestinians. By Baruch Kimmerling Africa's stalled development: international causes and cures. By David K. Leonard and Scott Straus Mandela's world: the international dimension of South Africa's political revolution 1990–99. By James Barber South Africa's post‐apartheid foreign policy: from reconciliation to revival? Adelphi paper 362. By Chris Alden and Garth lePere Democratizing foreign policy? Lessons from South Africa. Edited by Philip Nel and Janis van der Westhuizen Kashmir: roots of conflict, paths to peace. By Sumantra Bose Governance in China. Edited by J. Howell Selling China: foreign direct investment during the reform era. By Yasheng Huang Elites and political power in South Korea. By Byong‐Man Ahn Agenda for the nation. Edited by Henry J. Aaron, James M. Lindsay and Pietro S. Nivola American exceptionalism and the legacy of Vietnam: US foreign policy since 1974. By Trevor B. McCrisken Globalization and the American century. By Alfred E. Eckes, Jr and Thomas W. Zeiler Crime and violence in Latin America: citizen security, democracy and the state. Edited by Hugo Frühling, Joseph S. Tulchin and Heather A. Golding The Pinochet file: a declassified dossier on atrocity and accountability. By Peter Kornbluh The Condor years: how Pinochet and his allies brought terrorism to three continents. By John Dinges The Pinochet affair: state terrorism and global justice. By Roger Burbach. The Pinochet case: origins, progress and implications. Edited by Madeleine Davis.     

Duke Richard of York's intentions in I450 and the origins of the wars of the roses

The return of Richard, duke of York, from Ireland in 1450 represents his first overt attempt to remedy certain grievances. His criticism of the Lancastrian régime eventually brought him leadership in the Wars of the Roses. The grivances of 1450 are contained in two bills addressed to Henry VI. At first, the duke harboured personal grievances — fear of attainder and having his claim to the throne bypassed, resentment at his counsel being ignored and his debts unpaid — which were exaguerated by unsertainty and the king's readiness to believe the worst. Richards apreciation of the widespread hostility towards the government and the disarray of the king's Household after Suffolk's murder enabled him to convert grievances into public criticisms in his second bill. He encouraged investigations into official oppression in southeastern England, and his supporters may have stimulated risings there to demonstrate support for him. Compared with Henry's nervous reaction to York's first bill, he firmly checkmated the pretensions of the second, and Yorks achievement in 1450 was limited. But he had taken a first step towards appealing for support by converting personal grievances into a general bid for sympathy. Whether he aid so for personal or public motives — or both — remains an open question.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Spatial Economic Theory, edited by Robert D. Dean , William H. Leahy , and David L. Mc Kee Introduction to Scientific Geographic Research, by L. Lloyd Haring and John F. Lounsbury . Perspectives on Resource Management, by T. O'Riordan .     

Henry VIII's Progress Through Yorkshire in 1541 and its Implications for Northern Identities

Abstract

Henry's visit to the North in 1541 has been seen as, alternatively, a powerful response to the ongoing threat to order in the years after the Pilgrimage of Grace or a move in diplomatic relationships with Scotland and France. This paper suggests the level of immediate threat of disorder in the North was low and that the role of the journey in relations with Scotland was more its consequence than its cause. Rather it finds the significance of the visit in a potential renegotiation of the position of the North within the wider realm, a question opened by political and constitutional changes since 1530, a negotiation which the King himself overthrew. Instead of accommodation, Henry sought to emphasise the extent of his defeat of the Pilgrims and the Percy interest, and to humiliate utterly all but the most clearly loyal elements, especially in York itself. Yet the memory of his triumph, if triumph it was, was poisoned for Henry by his failure to meet James of Scotland and by the collapse of his marriage to Catherine Howard; and it passed remarkably quickly from the collective memory of the North, overlain by a developing sense of relations with the Tudors, as with their predecessors, as supportive of a distinctive northern identity.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Richard II and the Revolution of 1399. By Michael Bennett. Cheshire and the Tudor State 1480–1560. By Tim Thornton. Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I. Queen and Commonwealth 1558–1585. By A. N. McLaren. Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth‐Century England. The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements. By David Martin Jones. Political Thought in Seventeenth‐Century Ireland. Kingdom or Colony. Edited by Jane Ohlmeyer. Ambition and Failure in Stuart England. The Career of John, First Viscount Scudamore. By Ian Atherton. The Making of the Eighteenth‐Century Irish Constitution. Government, Parliament and the Revenue, 1692–1714. By Charles Ivar McGrath. Professors of the Law. Barristers and English Legal Culture in the Eighteenth Century. By David Lemmings. The Irish Political System 1740–1765. The Golden Age of the Undertakers. By Eoin Magennis. Reform in Great Britain and Germany 1750–1850. Edited by T. C. W. Blanning and Peter Wende. The Age of Unease, Government and Reform in Britain 1782–1832. By Michael J. Turner. The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. General Editor: Paul Langford. Volume VII: India: The Hastings Trial 1789–1794. Edited by P. J. Marshall The Quarrel of Macaulay and Croker. Politics and History in the Age of Reform. By William Thomas. The Reform Act 1832 on CD‐ROM. William Smith O'Brien and the Young Ireland Rebellion of 1848. By Robert Sloan. Gladstone Centenary Essays. Edited by David Bebbington and Roger Swift. The March of the Women. A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866–1914. By Martin Pugh. Labour's First Century. Edited by Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane and Nick Tiratsoo. The Labour Party in Wales, 1900–2000. Edited by Duncan Tanner, Chris Williams and Deian Hopkin. Augmenting Democracy. Political Movements and Constitutional Reform During the Rise of Labour, 1900–1924. By Andrew Chadwick. The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters. Volume 1: The Making of a Politician, 1915–1920. Edited by Robert Self. The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters. Volume 2: The Reform Years, 1921–1927. Edited by Robert Self.