深圳市“城中村”非正规住房的形成与演化机制研究

非正规住房是发展中国家普遍存在的城市现象。快速城市化背景下,大量村庄被纳入城市并以"城中村"的方式成为我国城市的非正规居住空间。"城中村"非正规住房作为规划外的住房发展方式,在承担特殊的住房供应职能的同时带来各种环境、经济、社会和管理问题。论文在梳理深圳市"城中村"非正规住房发展演化过程的基础上,从制度—市场—社会的视角剖析"城中村"非正规住房形成与演化的影响因素,并运用"结构—能动性"理论总结"城中村"非正规住房形成演化的内在机理。在此基础上,提出"城中村"非正规住房的管治方向与措施。     

私有出租房屋的社会主义改造——以苏州市为个案的考察

私有出租房屋的社会主义改造是整个社会主义改造工作的重要组成部分。苏州市的私租房改造于1956年初开始试点,1958年"大跃进"高潮中基本完成。20世纪60年代前中期城乡社会主义教育运动发动后,房改逐步推向农村集镇,且政治色彩日趋浓厚。"文革"爆发后,在发动"二次房改"的同时,还冲占和低价收购了大量下放户的私有房屋。苏州市私租房改造的基本方面应予充分肯定,但也遗留了诸如自住与改造划留不清、私自降低起改点等问题。到20世纪90年代初,房改遗留问题基本得到解决。     

Immigrants in a segmented and often undeclared labour market

This article develops a systematic analysis of available data on foreign workers in the Italian economy. Their presence reflects the fragmented character of Italian labour markets and the particular importance in Italy of the ‘hidden economy’. These factors alone explain why Italy experiences simultaneously a shortage of labour and high labour costs, from which the demand for foreign labour has resulted. The study uses both official data and the findings of a number of secondary studies in the field to show how foreign workers participate in all the lower branches of employment and in some sectors have become the predominant group. However, the presence of foreign workers varies considerably by sector and by region, in turn reflecting certain structural features of the Italian economy. The study concludes by arguing that the presence of these foreign workers in the Italian labour market serves to perpetuate its flexibility, in some cases by complementing and in others by substituting for the indigenous labour force.     

和谐社会中的师德建设

和谐社会是一个系统工程,和谐社会的核心问题是道德问题。教师是人类灵魂的工程师,高尚的师德对全社会思想道德建设具有引领作用。     

Children's Strikes, Parents' Rights: Paterson and Five Points

While Karen Calvert's book, Children in the House, deals with middle-class play, there is very little work devoted to children's toys and games in a working-class context. This paper uses the toy assemblages from two working-class sites to begin a discussion of working-class play and the struggle nineteenth-century working-class parents waged to impart their own values to their children. Because marbles were the predominant toy recovered from both sites, the nature of the game is discussed, and its relationship to working-class values is considered.     

中国共产党对知识分子阶级属性认识的曲折过程

中国共产党对知识分子的阶级属性的认识经历了一个曲折的过程。新中国成立前后,刘少奇、周恩来等人从经济地位上界定了知识分子的工人阶级属性;1956年,周恩来和邓小平将经济地位和为谁服务统一起来界定了知识分子的工人阶级属性;1961、1962年间,周恩来将经济地位、为谁服务、思想状况初步统一起来界定了知识分子的工人阶级属性;1978年,邓小平在全国科学大会上将经济地位、为谁服务、思想状况重新统一起来界定了知识分子的工人阶级属性;党的十一届三中全会以后,邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛在坚持经济地位、为谁服务、思想状况统一的基础上,着力解决知识分子是工人阶级中怎样的“一部分”的问题。     

解放后北京城市住宅的规划与建设

解放后,新中国的首都面临着只有安居才能乐业的巨大挑战,中共北京市委和市政府坚持为生产服务、为中央服务、为劳动人民服务的方针,在百废待兴和建设新首都的前提下,逐步解决城市居民的住宅问题。改革开放以来,围绕着北京住宅的规划和建设,北京市委和市政府采取了成片开发与危旧房改造并举、房改与改善住房条件并举、市场运作与宏观调控相结合等项措施,使北京在进入新世纪的时候,以城市居民人均17 62平方米的住房面积而达到小康水平。北京作为历史古都、文化名城和新中国的首都,其住宅建设应有其历史的继承性和创新性。     

大城市住房阶层及其社会空间分异研究——以南京为例

中国城市房价快速攀升和住房市场分化背景下,住房资产既能反映家庭财富,也与住房拥有者的社会地位、后代教育和阶层认同等关联密切,住房差异成为城市社会阶层分化与居住空间分异的重要观测指标和评判依据。在借鉴与改进西方住房阶层理论的基础上,基于南京4015份居民调查问卷数据,以住房数量与价值为聚类指标,将样本群体划分为多房阶层、改善阶层、刚需阶层和无房阶层等四类。分别从住房条件、家庭结构、教育程度、职业收入和空间分布等方面分析、比较不同住房阶层差异化的社会属性与空间特征,提出单位制度、住房市场、宅地文化和空间作用的叠加,共同推动着中国大城市住房阶层的形成与分化。以地理思维将空间要素融入到传统住房阶层理论并开展实证探索,初步验证大城市住房阶层分化是客观存在且不断加剧的,它既是社会经济不平等的结果,也是社会空间不平衡的原因。住房阶层研究可以为观测城市社会空间分异开辟一种微观视角和创新路径,也可以为缓解因住房差异导致的城市社会阶层固化风险等现实问题提供决策依据。     

Intergenerational Inequality? Labour,Capital, and Housing Through the Ages

This article examines the relevance of generational relations to emerging patterns of inequality in advanced capitalist societies, with a particular focus on inequalities related to housing wealth. At its heart is a critique of the increasingly prevalent argument that generational difference is a crucial axis of inequality today. It argues that while contemporary capitalist societies are certainly characterized by marked inequalities between generations and that the latter are manifested inter alia in housing ownership, understanding such inequalities principally in generational terms is problematic because they reflect deeper, more fundamental, structural inequalities and should therefore be conceptualized as such. The article suggests that the principal significance of generational relations to contemporary inequality dynamics actually concerns economic transfers rather than differences between generations. Within‐family transfers of wealth, especially housing‐related wealth, from older generations to younger ones tend to reproduce pronounced, structurally generated existing patterns of intra‐generational inequality.