The contradictory logic of global ecosystem services markets

Commodification and transnational trading of ecosystem services is the most ambitious iteration yet of the strategy of ‘selling nature to save it’. The World Bank and UN agencies contend that global carbon markets can slow climate change while generating resources for development. Consonant with ‘inclusionary’ versions of neoliberal development policy, advocates assert that international payment for ecosystem services (PES) projects, financed by carbon-offset sales and biodiversity banking, can benefit the poor. However, the World Bank also warns that a focus on poverty reduction can undermine efficiency in conservation spending. The experience of ten years of PES illustrates how, in practice, market-efficiency criteria clash directly with poverty-reduction priorities. Nevertheless, the premises of market-based PES are being extrapolated as a model for global REDD programmes financed by carbon-offset trading. This article argues that the contradiction between development and conservation observed in PES is inevitable in projects framed by the asocial logic of neoclassical economics. Application in international conservation policy of the market model, in which profit incentives depend upon differential opportunity costs, will entail a net upward redistribution of wealth from poorer to wealthier classes and from rural regions to distant centres of capital accumulation, mainly in the global North.     

《温阿蒙历险记》译注

《温阿蒙历险记》出土于埃及埃尔·凯本赫地区,以新埃及语文体写于两张纸草之上。文献写成于古埃及二十王朝末期,主要讲述了底比斯高级祭司温阿蒙被派往毕布罗斯购买制造太阳船的雪松木材的历险经历。温阿蒙一路历经艰难,先是货款在德尔城被偷,购买木材时又被毕布罗斯王公拒绝,最后还被腓尼基城市通缉,被迫逃亡塞浦路斯。尽管如此,他每次都凭着机智过人和能言善辩化险为夷。本故事发生于古埃及国力由盛转衰的关键时期,这就让本文成为了研究新王国末期和第三中间期早期古埃及内政、外交、海外贸易的重要材料。《温阿蒙历险记》根据伽丁纳尔的象形文字临摹本译出,同时依照文献内容并结合相关历史史实,作了适当的注释和分析。     

The Translation of the Scriptures and the Ecumenical Patriarchate: The Translation Efforts of Hilarion of Tirnovo

Abstract

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, Constantinople continued to be the intellectual and religious centre of the Greeks despite rival flourishing educational and economic centres in such cities as Smyrna, Kydonies (Aivali), and Chios. Moreover, it was the ‘national’ centre of the Greek people. It was natural, therefore, that the subject of a new translation of the Scriptures, a project affecting all Greeks, should have arisen once more in the Ottoman capital.     

克努霍特普二世自传体铭文译注

克努霍特普二世自传体铭文形成于古代埃及第十二王朝时期，被刻写在位于贝尼·哈桑的克努霍特普二世的坟墓墙壁之上，是我们研究古代埃及第十二王朝时期地方贵族势力和中央政府之间关系的重要文献资料之一。本中文译文根据德·布克的象形文字拓本译出，并对内容作了必要的注释。     

Geolibraries: geographers, librarians and spatial collaboration

Geography, GIS and GIScience are closely aligned with the emergence of 'geolibraries'. Geolibraries are also coincident with the metaphor of 'Digital Earth'. The growth in these areas of research and practice can be traced to collaborations among multiple disciplines. Geography and library science stand out as interesting partners. At first glance it may seem that it would be difficult to find common ground for such collaboration. The reality is that the two communities have been closer for longer than most may think. Such collaboration does, however, face unique challenges in a Canadian context, and collaborations thus far have been more successful in the United States. This paper reviews issues at the intersection of GIS and libraries and offers suggestions for further spatial collaboration in Canada within the context of geolibraries and GIScience .     

The image of authority in Carolingian coinage: the image of a ruler and Roman imperial tradition

This article examines the influence of Roman imperial symbols of authority on Carolingian coinage. During the brief period of a specific &1squo;renewal' in Carolingian coinage in the 810s, there was an evident turn to the Roman tradition of demonstrating authority. As a result, the image of a peace-making emperor on Roman coins during the late third to early fourth century was employed on Carolingian coins for the purpose of legitimizing the new imperial authority of the Carolingians. This image, however, was not long-lived and gradually disappeared in the 820s to 830s.     

Found in Translation: Habermas and Anthropotechnics

Abstract

In his recent work on postsecular societies Jürgen Habermas has stressed the need for a dialogue between religious and nonreligious citizens aimed at strengthening social integration and rejuvenating the moral bases of modern political and juridical institutions. This dialogue should focus on the translation of religious traditions into rational, secular forms. In his more recent work on the social function of rituals, however, he rejected the Durkheimian view of public secular rituals as mechanisms for fostering social integration. In this article I discuss Habermas’s early reflections on postsecularism and assess his interpretation of public religious rituals as sources of social integration. I then propose an alternative to his translation proviso whereby religious symbolic content would be translated into behavior-regulating technologies aimed at developing the dispositional resources needed for a continuous postsecular dialogue between religious and nonreligious citizens.     

The psychologization of humanitarian aid: skimming the battlefield and the disaster zone

Humanitarian aid's psycho-therapeutic turn in the 1990s was mirrored by the increasing emotionalization and subjectivation of fund-raising campaigns. In order to grasp the depth of this interconnectedness, this article argues that in both cases what we see is the post-Fordist production paradigm at work; namely, as Hardt and Negri put it, the direct production of subjectivity and social relations. To explore this, the therapeutic and mental health approach in humanitarian aid is juxtaposed with the more general phenomenon of psychologization. This allows us to see that the psychologized production of subjectivity has a problematic waste-product as it reduces the human to 'Homo sacer', to use Giorgi Agamben's term. Drawing out a double matrix of a de-psychologizing psychologization connected to a politicizing de-politicization, it will further become possible to understand psycho-therapeutic humanitarianism as a case of how, in these times of globalization, psychology, subjectivity and money are all interrelated.     

Oppression and opportunity: Migration and markets in the colonial Andes

The Kingdom of Quito, 1690–1830: The State and Regional Development. By KENNETH J. ANDRIEN. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xi, 255.

Power and Violence in the Colonial City: Oruro from the Mining Renaissance to the Rebellion of Tupac Amaru (1740–1782). By OSCAR CORNBLIT. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 227.

Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. Edited by BROOKE LARSON and OLIVIA HARRIS with ENRIQUE TANDETER. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. Pp. 428.

Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis, and the State in Colonial Quito. By KAREN VIERA POWERS. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 236.

Comercio y fraude en el Perú colonial. Las estrategias mercantiles de un banquero. By MARGARITA SUAREZ. Lima: IEP‐BCR, 1995. Pp. 137.

They Eat from Their Labor: Works and Social Change in Colonial Bolivia. By ANN ZULAWSKI. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995. Pp. xiv, 283.     

The Ambiguous Expressions in English-Chinese Translation

本文主要介绍了翻译的定义及模糊理论的概念和内容,阐述了英汉翻译中模糊性表达的由来,应用以及其不可忽视的作用。只有正确的运用这种表达方法,找到适合得当的模糊翻译法运用到实践中,才能实现忠实和流畅度地传达原文的风姿和神韵,进一步提高翻译水平。     

The Translation of the Unseen Self: Fortunatus,Mercury and The Wishing-Hat

This article examines the popular early German prose text Fortunatus both as folktale and as mercantile myth, concentrating on the hitherto critically neglected Wishing-Hat, which is regarded in this essay as a descendant of the Petasus of Mercury. In the original Fortunatus text dating from 1509, there are many points of contact centred in the Hat, such as its appearance, the themes of speed, secrecy, invisibility, theft, and commerce, between Fortunatus and Mercury. The manner in which these themes were developed in subsequent German revisions of Fortunatus and in seventeenth-century English translations and adaptations of the text is discussed. From embodiment of knowledge to a signifier of multipresence, from being a representation of travel to an accessory to raptorial attack, the uses and meanings of the Wishing-Hat are seen to be many and varied.