TOWARDS A GEOGRAPHY OF WHITE POWER IN THE CORDILLERAN FUR TRADE

The fur trade detached European commercial capital from Europe, relocating it in the North American interior. There it worked out a set of largely taken-for-granted assumptions and practices - what might be called the discourse of the fur trade - that embodied a commercial geography and closely related strategies of Native management. These strategies rested on a politics of terror, a theatre of power, and complex alignments of Native and white interests. Native and white agency were often reinforcing but, overall, the balance of power tilted towards whites, and the fur trade became a protocolonial presence in the Cordillera.
La traite des fourrures a eu pour effet de déplacer le capital commercial de ľEurope, en le relocalisant vers ľintérieur des terres de ľAmérique du Nord. Elle a pour une série de suppositions et de pratiques prises pour acquis, ce que ľon pourrait appeler son discours. Ce discours englobait une géographie commerciale et des stratégies qui étaient étroitement reliées et qui tou-chaient la prise en charge des autochtones. Les stratégies reposaient sur une politique de la terreur, une représentation du pouvoir et des alignements complexes des intérêts des autochtones et des Blancs. Souvent, les liens entre les deux groupes s'intensifiaient, mais dans ľensemble, la balance du pouvoir penchait du côté des Blancs. Le commerce des fourrures s'est alors trans-formé en une présence protocoloniale dans la cordillére.     

THE TSIMSHIAN, THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST FUR TRADE, 1787–1840

The paper examines the first half-century of the fur trade on the Northwest Coast from the perspective of its First Nations participants. It focuses on the array of initiatives taken by Ligeex, a prominent Tsimshian chief, to insert non-native traders within the geopolitics of the indigenous world. The reconstruction is undertaken by linking Tsimshian oral narratives with Euro-American documentary sources.
ľarticle traite des cinquante premiéres années du commerce des fourrures sur la côte nord-ouest du point de vue des participants membres des Premiéres Nations. II se concentre sur la série ďinitiatives entreprises par Ligeex, un chef tsimshian de premier rang, afin ďincorporer les commerçants allochtones à la géopolitique du monde indigéne. La reconstruction est effectuée en reliant des narrations de la tradition orale tsimshiane à des sources documentaires euro-américaines.     

RAINY RIVER STURGEON: AN OJIBWAY RESOURCE IN THE FUR TRADE ECONOMY

Previous fur trade scholarship has emphasized the hunting of fur bearers and large game rather than fishing as a component of trade relations with native peoples in the northwestern interior of North America. Evidence from fur trade records of the 18th and 19th centuries clearly indicates the importance of the Rainy River sturgeon fishery to Ojibway subsistence and commerce. In addition to being a major food resource, sturgeon provided the Ojibway with a substance called isinglass, which was traditionally important and was also a marketable commodity. Derived from the air bladder of sturgeon, isinglass was highly valued in the European market. The Hudson's Bay Company took great efforts to secure supplies of isinglass from native fishermen. Analysis of isinglass returns from Hudson's Bay Company account books reveals the magnitude of sturgeon production from the Rainy River area. During the fur trade period, the sturgeon fishery was a highly productive industry, characterized by a sustained annual yield. With the advent of non-native commercial fisheries in the region, production increased beyond the level of sustained yield. This resource was virtually destroyed by the early 20th century. Les recherches antérieures consacrées au commerce des fourrures ont fait ressortir la chasse d'animaux à fourrure et de gros gibiers plutôt que la pêche cornme activité importante dans les relations comrnerciales avec les autochtones vivant à I'interieur du Nord-Ouest de I'Amériyue du Nord. Les documents touchant le commerce de la fourrure dux 18^e et 19^e siècles démontrent nettement l'importance de la pêhe aux esturgeons dans la riviéere Rainy pour les Ojibways dans leur vie et leur commerce. En plus de constituer une irnportante res-source alimentaire, l'esturgeon offrait aux Ojibways une substance appelée ichtyocolle qui avait une importance traditionnelle et représentait également un produit négotiable. Ce produit, provenant de la poche d'air de l'esturgeon ètait très estimè sur le marché européen. la compagnie de la baie d'Hudson s'est efforcée de s'ap-provisionner en ichtyocolle auprès des pêcheurs indigènes. Les livres de comptabilitè de la compagnie de labaie d'Hudson révèfent l'importance de la production d'esturgeons dans la région de la rivière Rainy. Au cours de la période du commerce des fourrures, la pêhe d'esturgeons était une industrie très productive, caractérisée par un rendement annuel soutenu. Avec I'arrivée dans la région de la pêche commerciale non-autochtone, la production a dépassé les niveaux de rendements support-ables. Cette ressource s'est trouvée virtuellement dé-truite au début du xx^e siècle.     

STEEL FILES AS CHRONOLOGICAL MARKERS IN NORTH AMERICAN FUR TRADE SITES*

A selection of fragments of steel files excavated from dated western Canadian fur trade sites has been examined metallographically to assess their value as chronological indicators. It was possible in some, but not all, cases to identify the steelmaking process, distinguishing between cementation steel and crucible steel. In other file fragments manganese was detected in the steel both as manganese sulphide inclusions and in solution in the steel matrix. The identification of crucible steel provides a terminus post quem of 1740 for the fragment, and the presence of manganese a terminus post quem of about 1840. The site occupation dates were consistent with the dates deduced from the steelmaking technologies.     

给你个不一样的冰火两重天 在温泉里猫冬

火红的枫叶,翠绿的松柏,金黄的桦树林与蓝天白云、皑皑雪峰交相辉映。像艺术大师精心绘出的一幅幅精美绝伦的经典画作,让人不敢相信眼中的画面是否真实。含烟凝碧的露天雪地温泉池,镶嵌在茂密的原始森林和高山峡谷之中,身在其中如同置身于神秘梦幻的天池,洗尽旅途疲劳,尽享温泉之趣。一边泡温泉、一边欣赏雪景。     

THE WARM WINTER IN LHASA

正In the view of many people, Lhasa's weather is harsh and cold. This is because it is geographically situated upon the highland and surrounded by snow-capped mountain ranges and glaciers. How absolutely bleak such a place must be! Climatically, the city only has around two to three months when the weather is considered relatively favorable for outsiders to visit, but is this really the case?     

OLYNTHUS MILLSTONES IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: THE BACKDROP TO THE MARITIME TRADE OF OLYNTHUS MILLSTONES

Abstract

This article aims to illustrate the background behind the maritime trade of Olynthus-type millstones in the eastern Mediterranean region. A look at the distribution of southern Aegean Olynthus millstones, whose provenances were identified by Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe’s petrographic analysis, reveals that millstones were not a major import into the southern Levant, where local Olynthus millstones were produced and distributed. They were more frequent in Cyprus, where they were valued locally due to the dearth of stones appropriate for use as millstones. The analysis of Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe also suggests that southern Levantine millstones, in contrast to millstones from earlier and later periods, were not exported to other Mediterranean regions. Shipwreck remains from the eastern Mediterranean, as well as the distribution of commercial Rhodian amphorae, reveal that Rhodian merchants carried wine and millstones from the southern Aegean to Cyprus. The southern Levant, where a number of locally produced Olynthus mills were unearthed, was self-sufficient in millstones. Hence, the Rhodian merchants, who dominated eastern Mediterranean trade, used the southern Aegean millstones as saleable ballast.     

WINTER RELIGIOUS CONVENTION IN THE TSUPRU MONASTERY

<正>Senior monk Dusuni Khyenpa from the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism founded the Tsurpu Monastery in 1187;so today it is over 800 years old.     

WINTER RELIGIOUS CONVENTION IN THE TSURPU MONASTERY

Forty kilometers to the west along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, after setting off from Lhasa, there is a bridge crossing over the Todlung River. This is Lungpa Sangpa （Tibetan, meaning the hometown bridge）. Passing over the bridge and walking further into the mountain valley, you can reach the Gurong mountain area. On walking further, you will find a splendid ancient monastery standing on the green mountainside. This is the well-known Tsurpu Monastery situated beneath the snow-covered highlands.     

冬季跟随布仁巴图转场

<正>在新疆巴音布鲁克草原上,一年四季,随处可见蒙古族牧民赶着羊群忙碌转场的身影,尤其是从秋牧场到冬牧场的转移,黑头羊带着厚厚的秋膘,像是储足了过冬的热量,牛马和骆驼则充当运输的脚夫,匆匆行进在尘土飞扬的牧道上。     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DRESSEL 1 AMPHORAE IN NORTHWEST EUROPE

The dating and distribution of the trade in Italian wine to northwest Europe in the last two centuries BC is discussed. The previously recorded Atlantic emphasis is shown to be a product of differential research; many new finds in north-eastern France, the Benelux countries, Germany and Switzerland are documented but finds are absent from 'Germanic' areas. The trade may start in the later second century BC, and around the middle of the first century BC there appears to be an increase in the availability of wine in non-maritime Gaul and eastern England, possibly at the expense of the Atlantic routes. The debut of the trade in Spanish wine to north-west Europe is discussed. Attention is briefly drawn to the importance of the revised distribution both to cross-Channel links between Belgic Gaul and Britain and to the difference between 'Celts' and 'germans' and the idea of a 'Nordwestblock'.     

ANALYSIS OF EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSCOGEE CREEK FUR TRADE AT A UNITED STATES FACTORY STORE

Abstract

We conducted an analysis of economic transaction records from the Fort Wilkinson Factory Store in central Georgia in an attempt to understand trade behaviors by the Muscogee Creek people of the southeastern United States. Between February 4, 1804, and November 29, 1806, factory personnel recorded 2,168 trade transactions at Fort Wilkinson. During this period, 38,226.5 deerskins and skins, 482 hides and rawhides, and 569 furs entered the fort. In exchange for these items, the Creek Indians primarily received cloth, followed by manufactured items such as kettles, gun supplies, and consumable groceries. We analyze the month-by-month exchange trends and compare the trade-good assemblages to archaeological sites that represent Creek occupations that date to the same time period in Georgia and Alabama. Further, we assess the biases of the data and interpret the data in relation to existing historical and archaeological studies of the Muscogee Creek people.     

TRADE CENTER EVOLUTION IN THE GREAT PLAINS*

ABSTRACT Empirical analysis has lagged behind the impressive additions to the theoretical literature on trade center systems during the past 15 years. This study of the trade center system in Saskatchewan is an attempt to begin to redress the imbalance and to test some of the recently formulated theoretical propositions. Communities are identified according to functional classifications for 1961 and 1981 with the aid of a cluster analysis program, and the validity of the groupings are verified using multiple discriminant analysis. Changes in the size, spacing, and function of clusters and individual communities during the 20-year interval are described and an effort is made to prdvide explanations for the changes observed.     

历史时期西北城市发展简论

本文运用历史地理、文化地理的方法,通过分析周代至清末西北地区城市的发展过程,简要探讨了西北城市形成、发展的过程及其内在机制。     

21世纪我国西北地区旅游业发展策略

本文通过对西北五省区旅游业现存的问题和面临的机遇分析,指出21世纪西北地区旅游业进行旅游形象、旅游线路、旅游产品开发等的设计方向,并认为加强旅游宣传、旅游管理和旅游基础设施的建设是旅游业持续发展的必要保证。     

冬游西藏,一定要来看看黑颈鹤

Every winter,tourists to Tibet make sure to allow time in their itineraries to observe the flocks of black-necked cranes in Lhundrup County,Lhasa City.Often,blacknecked cranes fly from the prairie of Nagqu to the valley of Lhasa River during the winter months and then fly away once spring comes.Their annual appearance thus adds significant charm to an already mesmerizing snow-covered highland.     

经济全球化背景下的中国对外贸易

经济全球化是当今世界经济发展最显著的特征,改革开放使中国及时赶上经济全球化的高潮,对外贸易则是中国与世界经济交流的主要形式。本文在概述经济全球化的基础上,回顾了改革开放以来中国对外贸易的发展,表现出对外贸易额迅猛扩张、外贸结构不断优化、不断深化的外贸体制改革以及波动之中的贸易条件等特征。展示了中国对外贸易空间分布不均衡的格局,无论国内对外贸易的分布还是主要贸易伙伴的构成都体现出这一特点,说明中国的对外开放仍然处在较低的水平,并分析了加入世贸组织对中国的经贸发展的影响。