Shipwreck Evidence from Kilwa,Tanzania

This article reports on the artefacts and environment of marine ballast and pottery sites identified through inter‐tidal and underwater survey around Kilwa, Tanzania, one of the most important medieval sultanates along the east African coast. An inter‐tidal site on the limestone fringing reef on the approaches to Kilwa Kisiwani Harbour and an underwater site within the harbour have been dated from associated pottery to c.8th–10th century and the 13th–16th century respectively. The presence of exotic basalt ballast is discussed as an indicator of wreck‐sites.     

Godliness,Sex and Propaganda: Gender in the Confessional Age

Books reviewed in this article: Kenneth Charlton, Women, Religion and Education in Early Modern England Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender and Seventeenth–Century Print Culture Marilyn J. Westerkamp, Women and Religion in Early America 1600–1850: The Puritan and Evangelical Traditions Merry E. Wiesner–Hanks, Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice     

The Stone Tidal Fish Weirs of the Molène Archipelago,Iroise Sea,Brittany, Western France: a long‐term tradition with early megalithic origins

This reports on a project that combined evidence gleaned from aerial photographs, place‐names, interviews, topography, LIDAR data, and sonar bathymetry to locate stone tidal fish weirs in the Molène Archipelago. The results were verified by diver and pedestrian visual surveys. Models of Holocene sea‐level change allowed a group of possibly Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic weirs to be recognized, with a second group broadly dated to the later Neolithic–Early Bronze Age. The construction of these long megalithic structures is compared to the funerary monuments for which the Molène Archipelago is well known, in terms of technique, cost, and societal organization.     

The Shipwrecks of Xlendi Bay,Gozo, Malta

Xlendi Bay, Gozo, Malta, is a rich underwater site. It was discovered in 1961 by British Navy divers on a training mission. Since then, a significant number of artefacts has been retrieved but not well studied. This paper summarizes a recent detailed study of the archaeological material and describes five amphora types that have not yet been identified. It also takes deep‐water surveys that have recently been conducted by various teams into consideration.     

UPPÅKRA. A CENTRAL SITE IN SOUTH SCANDINAVIAN IRON AGE: STABILITY AND CHANGE THROUGH MORE THAN A MILLENNIUM

In the 1930s, during the construction of a house south of Lund in south‐western Scania (southern Sweden), a thick occupation layer was discovered. The layer formed as a result of settlement during the Early Iron Age as a small‐scale excavation demonstrated. The article is a presentation of recent investigations of the site in 1996–2014. The occupation layer, which covers an area of some 40 hectares, contained traces of settlements from the late Pre‐Roman Iron Age to the Viking Age. Of particular significance are the remains of a small timber structure interpreted as a ceremonial building. It was reconstructed seven times during the 1^st millennium AD and used for around seven hundred years. On each side of the ceremonial building were depositions of weapons combined with animal bones from large feasts. Besides the ceremonial building, several large halls were excavated, dating from the Roman Iron Age to the Viking Age. These produced evidence of repeated and deliberate arson. Several years of metal detector surveys have resulted in 14,000 registered finds that give a good foundation for interpreting the significance of the site in local, regional and international perspectives as an important religious, political and economic centre in southern Sweden. Contributions by a large number of scholars have helped to provide a well‐based insight into different crafts and sources of artistic inspiration.     

A Byzantine Shipwreck from Cape Stoba,Mljet, Croatia: an interim report

The Cape Stoba shipwreck is located on the seabed off the island of Mljet in Croatia at a depth of 21–28 m. Following initial investigation in 1975, four seasons of excavation have been carried between 2010 and 2014 by the Department for Underwater Archaeology of the Croatian Conservation Institute, joined by the Department of Studi Umanistici of the Università Ca' Foscari of Venice from 2012. The wreck‐site is evidenced by a cargo of nine amphora types dated to the 10th‐11th century AD, produced in the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea area, and glassware of Levantine production. The only direct evidence of the ship itself to date, is one iron anchor.     

The exploitation of marine resources at Saruq al‐Hadid: Insights into the movement of people and resources in Bronze and Iron Age south‐eastern Arabia

Marine resources were an integral and consistent component of subsistence strategies employed in south‐eastern Arabia throughout late prehistory. Of particular interest is the movement of these resources from the coast to interior sites and the implications of this movement for transhumance and trade in the region during this period. Marine species were frequently identified in the faunal assemblage from the inland site of Saruq al‐Hadid, dating from the Bronze Age to Early Iron Age (c.2000–c.800 BCE). This included marine fish species, along with two cormorant species (Phalacrocorax sp.) and several fragments of dugong (Dugong dugon). Twenty‐seven families of marine shell were also identified in the remains recovered from the site. The presence of these remains at this inland site demonstrates that resources were frequently moved from the coast to the interior throughout Saruq al‐Hadid’s occupation, indicative of their enduring significance in subsistence strategies employed at the site. This paper presents the results of zooarchaeological analysis of these remains and discusses the significance of their presence at Saruq al‐Hadid, with reference to subsistence, craft production and intra‐regional exchange during the Bronze and Iron Ages.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Cristina La Rocca (ed.), Italy in the Early Middle Ages 476–1000 Mary Dockray‐Miller, Motherhood and Mothering in Anglo‐Saxon England Samantha J. E. Riches and Sarah Salih (eds), Gender and Holiness: Men, Women and Saints in Late Medieval Europe Anthony Goodman, Margery Kempe and her World Bettine Birge, Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction in Sung and Yüan China 960–1368 David Kuchta, The Three‐Piece Suit and Modern Masculinity: England, 1550–1850 Harry Cocks, Nameless Offences: Homosexual Desire in the 19th Century Wendy Rosslyn (ed.), Women and Gender in 18th‐Century Russia Irina Paert, Old Believers, Religious Dissent and Gender in Russia, 1760–1850 Shirley Wilson Logan, ‘We Are Coming’: The Persuasive Discourse of Nineteenth‐Century Black Women Adele Perry, On the Edge of Empire. Gender, Race and the Making of British Columbia 1849–1871 Myra Rutherdale, Women and the White Man's God. Gender and Race in the Canadian Mission Field Maina Chawla Singh, Gender, Religion and ‘Heathen Lands’: American Missionary Women in South Asia (1860s–1940s)     

湖北郧县刘湾旧石器时代遗址发掘简报

刘湾旧石器时代遗址位于湖北省十堰市郧县杨溪铺镇刘湾村4组,埋藏于汉水左岸第Ⅲ级阶地上。其文化面貌有以下一些特点:石制品的岩性大类中以火成岩为多,种类以沉积岩为多;岩性多样,以脉石英为主;素材以河床中磨圆度较高的河卵石为主,石器的素材以砾石(石核)为主,以石片为素材的石器处于可忽略的地位;石制品的剥片和加工方式均为硬锤锤击法,没有发现砸击法等其它方法的产品;剥片时对石核的台面不进行预先修理;石器类型以砍砸器为主,其次为手斧、手镐,刮削器最少;石器的加工方式以单向加工的为多,但双向加工的石器也有相当的比例。刘湾旧石器时代遗址的发掘证明在汉水流域不仅有距今100万年的旧石器时代早期的"郧县人"文化,也有距今10～5万年的文化,汉水流域的远古文化是土生土长的文化。     

Book Reviews

Book review in this Article: Joanna E. Ziegler, Sculpture of Compassion. The Pieta and the Beguines in the Southern Low Countries c.1300-C.1600 Thomas V. Cohen and Elizabeth S. Cohen, Words and Deeds in Renaissance Rome: Trials before the Papal Magistrates Lyndal Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe Wayne E. Franits, Paragons of Virtue: Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art Hilary Marland, The Art of Midwifery. Early Modern Midwives in Europe Susan Brock and E. A. J. Honigman (eds) Playhouse Wills, 1558–1642. An Edition of Wills by Shakespeare and his Contemporaries in the London Theatre Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England David Lindley, The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James Laura Levine, Men in Women's Clothing: Anti-Theatricality and Effeminization 1579–1642 Jean E. Howard, The Stage and Social Struggle in Early Modern England Margaret J. M. Ezell, Writing Women's Literary History Richard Braverman, Plots and Counterplots: Sexual Politics and the Body Politic in English Literature, 1660–1730 Mona Scheuermann, Her Bread to Earn: Women, Money, and Society from Defoe to Austen N. H. Keeble (ed.) The Cultural Identity of Seventeenth-Century Woman: A Reader Anne Laurence, Women in England 1500–1760: A Social History Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe     

An Overview of Maritime Archaeological Research of the Colonial Period in the French Antilles

This article provides a summary of the various maritime archaeology projects undertaken in the French Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique) since the 1980s that date to the 17th–19th century Colonial period. These projects are presented in the context of the principal maritime archaeological research questions. The results are analysed thematically touching on different aspects of archaeological research in littoral and underwater zones: coastal plantations, ports, and micro‐islets. Research carried out on wreck‐sites is presented with respect to their maritime use (commercial, naval, and cabotage). The nature and distribution of such sites provides information both on maritime routes and traffic, trade, conflicts, and environmental risks specific to the Antilles in the Colonial period.     

Book Reviews

Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century Andrew Kirkendall, Class Mates: Male Student Culture and the Making of a Political Class in Nineteenth‐Century Brazil Sueann Caulfield, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early‐Twentieth‐Century Brazil David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality Paul Hammond, Figuring Sex between Men From Shakespeare to Rochester Tom Betteridge (ed.), Sodomy in Early Modern England Felicia Gordon and P. N. Furbank, Marie Madeleine Jodin 1741–1790: actress, philosophe and feminist Joan B. Landes, Visualizing the Nation: Gender, Representation, and Revolution in Eighteenth‐Century France Lynn Abrams, The Making of Modern Woman: Europe, 1789–1918 Gisela Bock, Women in European History Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott Susan Weiner, Enfants Terribles: Youth and Femininity in the Mass Media in France, 1945–1968     

The 4th‐Century‐BC Mazotos Shipwreck,Cyprus: a preliminary report

Since November 2007 an underwater project has been carried out by the Archaeological Research Unit of the University of Cyprus, in collaboration with the Department of Antiquities, at a shipwreck on the south coast, 14 miles south‐west of Larnaca. Its cargo consists mainly of Chian amphoras and has been provisionally dated to the 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC. The good state of preservation of the site gives an opportunity for studying amphora stowage and the wreck‐formation process. Moreover, it can shed new light on sea‐routes and trade between Cyprus and the Aegean during the late Classical period. © 2010 The Author     

Book Reviews

Twenty Years On, special issue of Australian Historical Studies (1996) Carpenter, Jennifer and MacLean, Sally-Beth (eds) Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women (1995); Ward, Jennifer (ed.) Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 (1995); Goldberg, P. J. (ed.) Women in England c. 1275–1525. Documentary Sources (1995) Surtz, Ronald E. Writing Women in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain: The Mothers of Saint Teresa of Avila (1995); Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne Feminism and the Honor Plays of Lope de Vega (1993) Matter, E. Ann and Coakley, John (eds) Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Attistic Renaissance (1994); Monson, Craig A. Disembodied Voices: Music and Culture in an Early Modern Italian Convent (1995) Goodman, Dena The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (1994) Ruane, Christine Gender, Class, and the Professionalization of Russian City Teachers, 1860–1914 (1994) Dyhouse, Carol No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939 (1995) Bonner, Thomas Neville To the Ends of the Earth: Women’s Search for Education in Medicine (1992); Roberts, Shirley Sophia Jex-Blake. A Woman Pioneer in Nineteenth Century Medical Reform (1993); Leneman, Leah In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals (1994) Hartman Strom, Sharon Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern American Office Work, 1900–1930 (1992); Kwolek-Folland, Angel Gendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870–1930 (1994); Cohen, Miriam Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian Women in New York City, 1900–1950 (1992) Swindells, Julia (ed.) The Uses of Autobiography (1995) Alexander, Sally Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (1994): Davidoff, Leonore Worlds Between: Historial Perspectives on Gender and Class (1995)     

A Late Antique Ceramic Assemblage at Burgaz,Datça Peninsula,South‐west Turkey,and the ‘Normality of the Mixed Cargo’ in the Ancient Mediterranean

By combining underwater survey with formal and compositional study of ceramics, recent work at Burgaz (south‐west Turkey) reveals a late 6th‐ or 7th‐century assemblage of wine and perhaps other agricultural products carried in LR1 and LR2‐related amphoras. Representing various south‐east Aegean and likely Cilician producers, the mixed cargo aboard this probable shipwreck offers insights into the complex dynamics of seaborne distribution at the end of Antiquity. This brief study also underscores the need for documentation in underwater survey of amphora forms and fabrics, particularly those from a period characterized by intensified and diversified production of supra‐regional ceramic types.     

Fruits of Their Labour: Urbanisation,Orchard Crops,and Dental Health in Early Bronze Age Jordan

The analysis of dental remains, which outlast most other tissues in the human body, provides insight into past diet, activity patterns and ancestry. The remains from Bab edh‐Dhra' represent the only skeletal sample available to assess the impact of agricultural intensification in the Early Bronze Age of the southern Levant (ca. 3500–2000 bce ). This era ushered in a period of ‘urbanisation’, evidenced by fortified towns, planned roadways, developments in irrigation and growing population density. During this time, the cultivation, trade and consumption of orchard taxa (such as figs, grapes and olives) increased. This paper examines changes in the teeth associated with agricultural intensification involving orchard crops as well as grains. Dental caries, ante mortem tooth loss and dental wear are examined for Early Bronze IA (EBIA; 3500–3300 bce ) and Early Bronze II–III (EBII–III; 3100–2300 bce ) teeth from the site of Bab edh‐Dhra', located in modern‐day Jordan. Due to the commingling, general tooth groups (e.g. molars) and specific tooth types (e.g. lower left canine) were used to compare periods. Although age and sex could not be identified for every tooth, analyses of crania and os coxae showed no significant difference in demographic profiles of EBIA and EBII–III. No statistically significant increase was found over time in dental caries frequency; however, teeth for which the cause of pulp exposure could be determined suggested that caries increasingly led to exfoliation. Indeed, ante mortem tooth loss rose significantly with time, whereas dental wear decreased. In general, changes in oral health were consistent with an archaeological record of greater consumption of softer, stickier foods, such as fruits. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Socio‐cultural innovations of the Final Umm an‐Nar period (c.2100–2000 BCE) in the Oman peninsula: new insights from Ra's al‐Jinz RJ‐2

The Early Bronze Age site of RJ‐2, located close to the coastal village of Ra's al‐Jinz on the eastern Omani coast (Niyabat Ra's al‐Hadd), was the focus of archaeological investigations for over two decades. The latest campaigns of excavation unearthed an architectural complex (Building XII) dated to the very end of the Umm an‐Nar period (Final UaN, c.2100–2000 BCE), previously attested on site by poorly preserved remains. This paper presents the remains explored during the most recent fieldwork, focusing on the stratigraphic‐structural sequence and the spatial layout. It also considers the transformations affecting structural evidence and material culture during this period, at both local and regional level, highlighting their significance for a comprehensive assessment of the last occupations related to the Early Bronze Age in south‐eastern Arabia. The paper concludes by showing how the Final Umm an‐Nar phase represents an age of substantial socio‐cultural innovations, which most likely shaped the transition towards the following Wadi Suq period.     

Putting the Spotlight on Small Metal Age Pottery Scatters in Northern Calabria (Italy)

This paper presents the results of an in-depth multidisciplinary restudy of small Metal Age surface scatters recorded in earlier fieldwalking surveys in northern Calabria (Italy). Guided by a stratified sampling approach based on site types and topographic positions, high-resolution surface collections at the selected sites were combined with geophysical surveys, test pits, and soil studies to investigate both archaeological deposits and the site formation processes that have an effect on their detectability. This approach is shown to result in a better definition of archaeological ‘sites’, and to help fill in details of regional exploitation and settlement dynamics at the landscape scale. At this broader scale we are also able to model post-depositional processes and slope dynamics affecting the preservation of the archaeological record. With regard to methodology, our study has enabled the evaluation of diverse archaeological detection methods and the fine-tuning of field strategies for the study of Metal Age remains.     

The Importance of Rural Sanctuaries in Structuring Non‐Urban Society in Ancient Samnium: Approaches from Architectureand Landscape

This brief article addresses the potential of the study of rural sanctuaries for understanding the performance and general structure of non‐urban society in ancient Samnium. Samnium, a mountainous area in central‐southern Italy, is known for its non‐urbanized settlement organization in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. This article discusses different methodologies to assess the local and regional significance of rural cult sites in this particular societal structure. In reply to a recent article in this journal, it is argued that strong local variability of rural cult sites cannot be ascertained on the basis of the disparate available architectural evidence. On the other hand, it is shown that a landscape archaeological approach, i.e. applying intensive field surveys around Samnite sanctuaries, adds significantly to our understanding of the social function of these cult sites. The surveys (2004–present) document a clear nucleation of rural settlement around cult sites, probably reflecting farm–village communities, and demonstrating the strong local embeddedness of the rural cult sites. The order of magnitude of the rural communities living around the sanctuaries is broadly comparable, which gives us a tangible sense of the character and general structure of Samnite non‐urban society.     

Globalization,trade, and material culture: Portugal’s role in the making of a multicultural Europe (1415–1806)

SUMMARY: In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures. The influx of new people and things rapidly transformed it into a multicultural country in permanent contact with the rest of Europe and the wider world. While we possess a vast amount of knowledge describing the overseas contacts and acquisition of goods from historical documents, in recent years archaeological excavations have begun to reveal direct evidence of these interactions. This includes thousands of people and objects such as ceramics, ivory and stone artefacts produced in overseas territories in Africa, South America and Asia. They were exported in vast amounts to several European countries, and are frequently found in archaeological excavations. These commodities were in part responsible for changing European perceptions of the world, its dimensions and cultural plurality. They also rapidly left their mark on European goods production, leading to changes in aesthetics and the introduction of new forms. This paper will discuss some of these objects in terms of how they reflect an Early Modern globalized world, and their influence on European daily life.